Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic = Church

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Compendium =
OF THE
CATECHISM
OF=20 THE
CATHOLIC = CHURCH

Motu=20 proprio
Introduction=20

PART ONE =
THE=20 PROFESSION OF FAITH

Section=20 One: "I Believe" =97 "We Believe"
Chapter=20 One: Man's Capacity for God
Chapter=20 Two: God Comes to Meet Man
   The Revelation of=20 God
   The Transmission of Divine Revelation =
  =20 Sacred Scripture
Chapter=20 Three: Man's Response to God
   I=20 Believe
   We Believe
Section = Two: The Profession of the Christian Faith
The = Creed
Chapter=20 One: I Believe in God the Father =
     =20 The Symbols of Faith
   "I Believe in God the Father = Almighty, Creator of Heaven and = Earth"
     =20 Heaven and Earth
     =20 Man
      The Fall
Chapter=20 Two: I Believe in Jesus Christ, the Only Son of God =
  =20 "And In Jesus Christ, His Only Son, Our Lord"
   = "Jesus=20 Christ Was Conceived by the Power of the Holy Spirit, and Was Born = of the=20 Virgin Mary"
   "Jesus Christ Suffered Under Pontius = Pilate,=20 Was Crucified, Died, and Was Buried"
   "Jesus Christ = Descended into Hell; On the Third Day He Rose Again from the=20 Dead"
   "Jesus Ascended into Heaven and Is Seated at = the=20 Right Hand of God the Father Almighty"
   "From = Thence He=20 Shall Come to Judge the Living and the Dead"
Chapter=20 Three: I Believe in the Holy Spirit
   "I Believe = in the=20 Holy Catholic Church"
      The = Church in the=20 plan of God
      The Church: people = of God,=20 body of Christ, temple of the = Spirit
      The=20 Church is one, holy, catholic, and=20 apostolic
      The Faithful: = hierarchy,=20 laity, consecrated life
      I = believe in the=20 communion of saints
      Mary, Mother = of=20 Christ, Mother of the Church
   "I Believe in the = Forgiveness=20 of Sins"
   "I Believe in the Resurrection of the=20 Body"
   "I Believe in Life=20 Everlasting"
      "Amen"

PART = TWO
THE=20 CELEBRATION OF THE CHRISTIAN MYSTERY

Section=20 One: The Sacramental Economy
Chapter=20 One: The Paschal Mystery in the Age of the Church =
   The=20 Liturgy =97 Work of the Most Holy Trinity
   The = Paschal=20 Mystery in the Sacraments of the Church
Chapter=20 Two: The Sacramental Celebration of the Paschal Mystery=20
   Celebrating the Liturgy of the=20 Church
      Who celebrates?=20
      How is the liturgy celebrated?=20
      When is the liturgy celebrated? =
      Where is the liturgy = celebrated?=20
   Liturgical Diversity and the Unity of the Mystery =
Section=20 Two: The Seven Sacraments of the Church
Chapter=20 One: The Sacraments of Christian Initiation
   = The=20 Sacrament of Baptism
   The Sacrament of = Confirmation=20
   The Sacrament of the Eucharist
Chapter=20 Two: The Sacraments of Healing
   The Sacrament = of=20 Penance and Reconciliation
   The Sacrament of the = Anointing=20 of the Sick
Chapter=20 Three: The Sacraments at the Service of Communion and=20 Mission
   The Sacrament of Holy = Orders
  =20 The Sacrament of Matrimony
Chapter=20 Four: Other Liturgical Celebrations
   The=20 Sacramentals
   Christian Funerals

PART THREE =
LIFE=20 IN CHRIST

Section=20 One: Man's Vocation =97 Life In the Spirit
Chapter=20 One: The Dignity of the Human Person
   Man, the = Image of=20 God
   Our Vocation to Beatitude
   = Man's=20 Freedom
   The Morality of the Passions =
   The=20 Moral Conscience
   The Virtues
   Sin =
Chapter=20 Two: The Human Community
   The Person and=20 Society
   Participation in Social = Life
  =20 Social Justice
Chapter=20 Three: God's Salvation =97 Law and Grace
   The = Moral Law=20
   Grace and Justification
   The = Church,=20 Mother and Teacher
Section=20 Two: The Ten Commandments
Chapter=20 One: "You Shall Love the Lord Your God With All Your Heart, With = All Your=20 Soul, and With All Your Mind"
   The First = Commandment: I=20 Am the Lord Your God, You Shall Not Have Other Gods Before=20 Me
   The Second Commandment: You Shall Not Take the = Name of=20 the Lord Your God in Vain
   The Third Commandment: = Remember=20 to Keep Holy the Lord's Day
Chapter=20 Two: "You Shall Love Your Neighbour as = Yourself"
   The=20 Fourth Commandment: Honour Your Father and Your = Mother
   The=20 Fifth Commandment: You Shall Not Kill
   The Sixth=20 Commandment: You Shall Not Commit Adultery
   The = Seventh=20 Commandment: You Shall Not Steal
   The Eighth = Commandment:=20 You Shall Not Bear False Witness Against Your Neighbour =
  =20 The Ninth Commandment: You Shall Not Covet Your Neighbour's Wife=20
   The Tenth Commandment: You Shall Not Covet Your=20 Neighbour's Possessions

PART FOUR =
CHRISTIAN=20 PRAYER

Section=20 One: Prayer in the Christian Life
Chapter=20 One: The Revelation of Prayer
   The Revelation = of Prayer=20 in the Old Testament
   Prayer is Fully Revealed and = Realized in Jesus
   Prayer in the Age of the Church =
Chapter=20 Two: The Tradition of Prayer
   At the = Wellsprings of=20 Prayer
   The Way of Prayer
   Guides = for=20 Prayer
Chapter=20 Three: The Life of Prayer
   Expressions of = Prayer=20
   The Battle of Prayer
Section = Two: The Lord's Prayer =97 "Our Father"
   = "The=20 Summary of the Whole Gospel"
   "Our Father Who Art = in=20 Heaven"
   The Seven Petitions

APPENDIX=20

A.=20 Common Prayers
B.=20 Formulas of Catholic Doctrine

MOTU=20 PROPRIO

for the approval and=20 publication
of the Compendium
of the Catechism of = the=20 Catholic Church

To my Venerable Brothers the Cardinals, Patriarchs, = Archbishops,=20 Bishops, Priests, Deacons and to all the People of God.

Twenty years ago, work began on the Catechism of the = Catholic=20 Church that had been requested by the extraordinary Assembly = of the=20 Synod of Bishops held on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary = of the=20 close of the Second Vatican Council.

I am filled with heartfelt thanks to the Lord God for having = given the=20 Church this Catechism, promulgated in 1992 by my venerated = and=20 beloved Predecessor, Pope John Paul II.

The great value and beauty of this gift are confirmed above all = by the=20 extensive and positive reception of the Catechism among = Bishops, to=20 whom it was primarily addressed as a sure and authentic reference = text for=20 teaching Catholic doctrine and, in particular, for formulating = local=20 catechisms. But it was also confirmed by its vast favourable = reception in all segments of the People of God, who have come to = know and=20 appreciate it in more than fifty translations which to date have = been=20 published.

It is with great joy that I now approve and promulgate the=20 Compendium of that Catechism.

The Compendium had been fervently desired by the = participants in=20 the International Catechetical Congress of October 2002, which = gave voice=20 to a need widely felt in the Church. My beloved Predecessor, = recognizing this desire, decided in February 2003 to begin = preparation of=20 the text by entrusting the work to a Commission of Cardinals, over = which I=20 presided, and which was assisted by various experts. In the = course=20 of the work, a draft of the Compendium was submitted to all = the=20 Cardinals and the Presidents of Conferences of Bishops, the vast = majority=20 of whom evaluated the text favourably.

The Compendium, which I now present to the Universal = Church, is=20 a faithful and sure synthesis of the Catechism of the Catholic=20 Church. It contains, in concise form, all the essential = and=20 fundamental elements of the Church=92s faith, thus constituting, = as my=20 Predecessor had wished, a kind of vademecum which allows = believers=20 and non-believers alike to behold the entire panorama of the = Catholic=20 faith.

In its structure, contents and language, the Compendium=20 faithfully reflects the Catechism of the Catholic Church = and will=20 thus assist in making the Catechism more widely known and = more=20 deeply understood.

I entrust this Compendium above all to the entire Church = and, in=20 particular, to every Christian, in order that it may awaken in the = Church=20 of the third millennium renewed zeal for evangelization and = education in=20 the faith, which ought to characterize every community in the = Church and=20 every Christian believer, regardless of age or nationality.

But this Compendium, with its brevity, clarity and=20 comprehensiveness, is directed to every human being, who, in a = world of=20 distractions and multifarious messages, desires to know the Way of = Life,=20 the Truth, entrusted by God to His Son=92s Church.

Through the intercession of Mary Most Holy, Mother of Christ = and Mother=20 of the Church, may everyone who reads this authoritative text = recognize=20 and embrace ever more fully the inexhaustible beauty, uniqueness = and=20 significance of the incomparable Gift which God has made to the = human race=20 in His only Son, Jesus Christ, the =93Way, the Truth, and the = Life=94=20 (Jn 14:6).

Given on 28 June 2005, the vigil of the Solemnity of the Holy = Apostles=20 Peter and Paul, in the first year of my Pontificate.

BENEDICTUS PP. XVI

INTRODUCTION

1. On 11 October 1992, Pope John Paul II presented the = Catechism of=20 the Catholic Church to the faithful of the whole world, = describing it=20 as a =93reference text=94[1] for a = catechesis=20 renewed at the living sources of the faith. Thirty years after the = opening=20 of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), the desire for a = catechism of=20 all Catholic doctrine on faith and morals, which had been voiced = in 1985=20 by the extraordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, came = to=20 fulfilment.

Five years later, on 15 August 1997, the Pope promulgated the = editio=20 typica of the Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae and = confirmed=20 its fundamental purpose =93as a full, complete exposition of = Catholic=20 doctrine, enabling everyone to know what the Church professes, = celebrates,=20 lives and prays in her daily life=94.[2]

2. In order to realize more fully the Catechism=92s = potential and=20 in response to the request that had emerged at the International=20 Catechetical Congress of October 2002, Pope John Paul II, in 2003, = established a Commission under the presidency of Cardinal Joseph=20 Ratzinger, Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the = Faith,=20 which was given the task of drafting a Compendium of the=20 Catechism of the Catholic Church, as a more concise = formulation of=20 its contents of faith. After two years of work, a draft=20 compendium was prepared and distributed among the Cardinals = and the=20 Presidents of Conferences of Bishops for their = consultation. The=20 draft, as a whole, was evaluated positively in the great majority = of the=20 responses that were received. Therefore, the Commission = proceeded to=20 revise the draft and, taking account of the proposals for = improvement that=20 had been submitted, prepared the final text.

3. There are three principal characteristics of the = Compendium:=20 the close reliance on the Catechism of the Catholic Church; = the=20 dialogical format; the use of artistic images in the=20 catechesis.

The Compendium is not a work that stands alone, nor is = it=20 intended in any way to replace the Catechism of the Catholic=20 Church: instead, it refers constantly to the Catechism = by means=20 of reference numbers printed in the margins, as well as by = consistent=20 reliance on its structure, development and contents. In fact, the=20 Compendium is meant to reawaken interest in and enthusiasm = for the=20 Catechism, which, in the wisdom of its presentation and the = depth=20 of its spirituality, always remains the basic text for catechesis = in the=20 Church today.

Like the Catechism, the Compendium has four = parts,=20 corresponding to the fundamental laws of life in Christ.

The first part, entitled =93The Profession of Faith=94, = contains a=20 synthesis of the lex credendi, the faith professed by the = Catholic=20 Church, as expressed in the Apostles=92 Creed which is further = elaborated by=20 the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. In the liturgical profession = of the=20 Creed, the Christian assembly keeps the principal truths of the = faith=20 alive in memory.

The second part, entitled =93The Celebration of the Christian = Mystery=94,=20 presents the essential elements of the lex celebrandi. The=20 proclamation of the Gospel finds its authentic response in the = sacramental=20 life, through which Christians experience and witness, in every = moment of=20 their existence, the saving power of the paschal mystery by which = Christ=20 has accomplished our redemption.

The third part, entitled =93Life in Christ=94, recalls the = lex=20 vivendi, through which the baptized manifest their commitment = to the=20 faith they have professed and celebrated, through their actions = and=20 ethical choices. The Christian faithful are called by the = Lord Jesus=20 to act in a way which befits their dignity as children of the = Father in=20 the charity of the Holy Spirit.

The fourth part, entitled =93Christian Prayer=94, summarizes = the lex=20 orandi, the life of prayer. Following the example of Jesus, = the=20 perfect model of one who prays, the Christian too is called to the = dialogue with God in prayer. A privileged expression of = prayer is the=20 Our Father, the prayer that Jesus has taught us.

4. A second characteristic of the Compendium is its = dialogical=20 format, reflecting the ancient catechetical literary genre of = questions=20 and answers. The idea is to reproduce an imaginary dialogue = between=20 master and disciple, through a series of incisive questions that = invite=20 the reader to go deeper in discovering ever new aspects of his=20 faith. The dialogical format also lends itself to brevity in = the=20 text, by reducing it to what is essential. This may help the = reader=20 to grasp the contents and possibly to memorize them as well.

5. A third characteristic is the inclusion of some artistic = images=20 which mark the elaboration of the Compendium. These = are drawn=20 from the rich patrimony of Christian iconography. The = centuries-old=20 conciliar tradition teaches us that images are also a preaching of = the=20 Gospel. Artists in every age have offered the principal facts of = the=20 mystery of salvation to the contemplation and wonder of believers = by=20 presenting them in the splendour of colour and in the perfection = of=20 beauty. It is an indication of how today more than ever, in a = culture of=20 images, a sacred image can express much more than what can be said = in=20 words, and be an extremely effective and dynamic way of = communicating the=20 Gospel message.

6. Forty years after the close of the Second Vatican Council = and in the=20 year of the Eucharist, this Compendium represents an = additional=20 resource for satisfying the hunger for truth among the Christian = faithful=20 of all ages and conditions, as well as the hunger for truth and = justice=20 among those who are without faith. The publication of the=20 Compendium will take place on the solemnity of the Holy = Apostles=20 Peter and Paul, pillars of the Church universal and exemplary = evangelizers=20 of the ancient world. These apostles saw what they preached = and=20 witnessed to the truth of Christ even unto martyrdom. Let us = imitate=20 them in their missionary zeal and pray to the Lord that the Church = may=20 always follow the teaching of the apostles, from whom she first = received=20 the glorious proclamation of the faith.

20 March 2005, Palm Sunday.

Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger
President of the = Special=20 Commission

=20

[1] John = Paul II,=20 Apostolic Constitution Fidei depositum, 11 October = 1992.

[2]John Paul = II,=20 Apostolic Letter Laetarum magnopere, 15 August=20 1997.

Part = One

The Profession of = Faith

Section One
=93I = believe=94 =96 =93We=20 believe=94

1. What is the plan of God for man?

1-25

God, infinitely perfect and blessed in himself, in a plan of = sheer=20 goodness freely created man to make him share in his own blessed = life. In=20 the fullness of time, God the Father sent his Son as the Redeemer = and=20 Savior of mankind, fallen into sin, thus calling all into his = Church and,=20 through the work of the Holy Spirit, making them adopted children = and=20 heirs of his eternal happiness.

CHAPTER = ONE

Man's Capacity for = God

=93You are great, O Lord, and = greatly to be=20 praised [...] You have made us for yourself and our heart is = restless=20 until it rests in you.=94 (Saint = Augustine)

2. Why does man have a desire for God?

27-30
44-45

God himself, in creating man in his own image, has written upon = his=20 heart the desire to see him. Even if this desire is often ignored, = God=20 never ceases to draw man to himself because only in God will he = find and=20 live the fullness of truth and happiness for which he never stops=20 searching. By nature and by vocation, therefore, man is a = religious being,=20 capable of entering into communion with God. This intimate and = vital bond=20 with God confers on man his fundamental dignity.

3. How is it possible to know God with only the light of = human=20 reason?

31-36
46-47

Starting from creation, that is from the world and from the = human=20 person, through reason alone one can know God with certainty as = the origin=20 and end of the universe, as the highest good and as infinite truth = and=20 beauty.

4. Is the light of reason alone sufficient to know the = mystery of=20 God?

37-38

In coming to a knowledge of God by the light of reason alone = man=20 experiences many difficulties. Indeed, on his own he is unable to = enter=20 into the intimacy of the divine mystery. This is why he stands in = need of=20 being enlightened by God=92s revelation, not only about those = things that=20 exceed his understanding, but also about those religious and moral = truths=20 which of themselves are not beyond the grasp of human reason, so = that even=20 in the present condition of the human race, they can be known by = all with=20 ease, with firm certainty and with no admixture of error.

5. How can we speak about God?

39-43
48-49

By taking as our starting point the perfections of man and of = the other=20 creatures which are a reflection, albeit a limited one, of the = infinite=20 perfection of God, we are able to speak about God with all people. = We=20 must, however, continually purify our language insofar as it is=20 image-bound and imperfect, realizing that we can never = fully=20 express the infinite mystery of God.

CHAPTER = TWO

God=20 Comes to Meet Man

The = Revelation of=20 God

6. What does God reveal to man?

50-53
68-69

God in his goodness and wisdom reveals himself. With deeds and = words,=20 he reveals himself and his plan of loving goodness which he = decreed from=20 all eternity in Christ. According to this plan, all people by the = grace of=20 the Holy Spirit are to share in the divine life as adopted = =93sons=94 in the=20 only begotten Son of God.

7. What are the first stages of God's Revelation?

54-58
70-71

From the very beginning, God manifested himself to our first = parents,=20 Adam and Eve, and invited them to intimate communion with himself. = After=20 their fall, he did not cease his revelation to them but = promised=20 salvation for all their descendants. After the flood, he made a = covenant=20 with Noah, a covenant between himself and all living beings.

8. What are the next stages of God's Revelation?

59-64
72

God chose Abram, calling him out of his country, making him = =93the father=20 of a multitude of nations=94 (Genesis 17:5), and promising = to bless=20 in him =93all the nations of the earth=94 (Genesis 12:3). = The people=20 descended from Abraham would be the trustee of the divine promise = made to=20 the patriarchs. God formed Israel as his chosen people, freeing = them from=20 slavery in Egypt, establishing with them the covenant of Mount = Sinai, and,=20 through Moses, giving them his law. The prophets proclaimed a = radical=20 redemption of the people and a salvation which would include all = nations=20 in a new and everlasting covenant. From the people of Israel and = from the=20 house of King David, would be born the Messiah, Jesus.

9. What is the full and definitive stage of God's=20 Revelation?

65-66
73

The full and definitive stage of God=92s revelation is = accomplished in=20 his Word made flesh, Jesus Christ, the mediator and fullness of=20 Revelation. He, being the only-begotten Son of God made man, is = the=20 perfect and definitive Word of the Father. In the sending of the = Son and=20 the gift of the Spirit, Revelation is now fully complete, = although=20 the faith of the Church must gradually grasp its full significance = over=20 the course of centuries.

=93In giving us his Son, his only = and definitive=20 Word, God spoke everything to us at once in this sole Word, and = he has=20 no more to say.=94 (Saint John of the = Cross)

10. What is the value of private revelations?

While not belonging to the deposit of faith, private = revelations may=20 help a person to live the faith as long as they lead us to Christ. = The=20 Magisterium of the Church, which has the duty of evaluating such = private=20 revelations, cannot accept those which claim to surpass or correct = that=20 definitive Revelation which is Christ.

The = Transmission of=20 Divine Revelation

11. Why and in what way is divine revelation = transmitted?

God =93desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge = of the=20 truth=94 (1 Timothy 2:4), that is, of Jesus Christ. = For this=20 reason, Christ must be proclaimed to all according to his own = command, =93Go=20 forth and teach all nations=94 (Matthew 28:19). And this is = brought=20 about by Apostolic Tradition.

12. What is Apostolic Tradition?

75-79,
83,
96, 98

Apostolic Tradition is the transmission of the message of = Christ,=20 brought about from the very beginnings of Christianity by means of = preaching, bearing witness, institutions, worship, and inspired = writings.=20 The apostles transmitted all they received from Christ and learned = from=20 the Holy Spirit to their successors, the bishops, and through them = to all=20 generations until the end of the world.

13. In what ways does Apostolic Tradition occur?

Apostolic Tradition occurs in two ways: through the living = transmission=20 of the word of God (also simply called Tradition) and through = Sacred=20 Scripture which is the same proclamation of salvation in written = form.

14. What is the relationship between Tradition and Sacred=20 Scripture?

80-82
97

Tradition and Sacred Scripture are bound closely together and=20 communicate one with the other. Each of them makes present and = fruitful in=20 the Church the mystery of Christ. They flow out of the same divine = well-spring and together make up one sacred deposit of = faith from=20 which the Church derives her certainty about revelation.

15. To whom is the deposit of faith entrusted?

84, 91
94, 99

The Apostles entrusted the deposit of faith to the whole of the = Church.=20 Thanks to its supernatural sense of faith the people of God as a = whole,=20 assisted by the Holy Spirit and guided by the Magisterium of the = Church,=20 never ceases to welcome, to penetrate more deeply and to live more = fully=20 from the gift of divine revelation.

16. To whom is given the task of authentically interpreting = the=20 deposit of faith?

85-90
100

The task of giving an authentic interpretation of the deposit = of faith=20 has been entrusted to the living teaching office of the Church = alone, that=20 is, to the successor of Peter, the Bishop of Rome, and to the = bishops in=20 communion with him. To this Magisterium, which in the service of = the Word=20 of God enjoys the certain charism of truth, belongs also the task = of=20 defining dogmas which are formulations of the truths contained in = divine=20 Revelation. This authority of the Magisterium also extends to = those truths=20 necessarily connected with Revelation.

17. What is the relationship between Scripture, Tradition = and the=20 Magisterium?

Scripture, Tradition, and the Magisterium are so closely united = with=20 each other that one of them cannot stand without the others. = Working=20 together, each in its own way, under the action of the one Holy = Spirit,=20 they all contribute effectively to the salvation of souls.

Sacred=20 Scripture

18. Why does Sacred Scripture teach the truth?

105-108
135-136

Because God himself is the author of Sacred Scripture. For this = reason=20 it is said to be inspired and to teach without error those truths = which=20 are necessary for our salvation. The Holy Spirit inspired the = human=20 authors who wrote what he wanted to teach us. The Christian faith, = however, is not a =93religion of the Book=94, but of the Word of = God =96 =93not a=20 written and mute word, but incarnate and living=94 (Saint Bernard = of=20 Clairvaux).

19. How is Sacred Scripture to be read?

109-119
137

Sacred Scripture must be read and interpreted with the help of = the Holy=20 Spirit and under the guidance of the Magisterium of the Church = according=20 to three criteria: 1) it must be read with attention to the = content and=20 unity of the whole of Scripture; 2) it must be read within = the=20 living Tradition of the Church; 3) it must be read with attention = to the=20 analogy of faith, that is, the inner harmony which exists among = the truths=20 of the faith themselves.=20 =

20. What is the Canon of Scripture?

120
138

The Canon of Scripture is the complete list of the = sacred=20 writings which the Church has come to recognize through Apostolic=20 Tradition. The Canon consists of 46 books of the Old = Testament and=20 27 of the New.

21. What is the importance of the Old Testament for=20 Christians?

121-123

Christians venerate the Old Testament as the true word = of God.=20 All of the books of the Old Testament are divinely inspired and = retain a=20 permanent value. They bear witness to the divine pedagogy of God's = saving=20 love. They are written, above all, to prepare for the coming of = Christ the=20 Savior of the universe.

22. What importance does the New Testament have for=20 Christians?

124-127
139

The New Testament, whose central object is Jesus Christ, = conveys=20 to us the ultimate truth of divine Revelation. Within the New = Testament=20 the four Gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke and John are the heart of = all the=20 Scriptures because they are the principle witness to the life and = teaching=20 of Jesus. As such, they hold a unique place in the Church.

23. What is the unity that exists between the Old and the = New=20 Testaments?

128-130
140

Scripture is one insofar as the Word of God is one. God=92s = plan of=20 salvation is one, and the divine inspiration of both Testaments is = one.=20 The Old Testament prepares for the New and the New Testament = fulfills the=20 Old; the two shed light on each other.

24. What role does Sacred Scripture play in the life of the = Church?=20

131-133
141-142

Sacred Scripture gives support and vigor to the life of the = Church. For=20 the children of the Church, it is a confirmation of the faith, = food for=20 the soul and the fount of the spiritual life. Sacred Scripture is = the soul=20 of theology and of pastoral preaching. The Psalmist says that it = is =93a=20 lamp to my feet and a light to my path=94 (Psalm 119:105). = The=20 Church, therefore, exhorts all to read Sacred Scripture = frequently=20 because =93ignorance of the Scriptures is ignorance of = Christ=94 (Saint=20 Jerome).

CHAPTER = THREE

Man's Response to = God

I = Believe

25. How does man respond to God who reveals himself?

142-143

Sustained by divine grace, we respond to God with the = obedience of=20 faith, which means the full surrender of ourselves to God and the=20 acceptance of his truth insofar as it is guaranteed by the One who = is=20 Truth itself.

26. Who are the principal witnesses of the obedience of = faith in the=20 Sacred Scriptures?

144-149

There are many such witnesses, two in particular: One is = Abraham=20 who when put to the test =93believed in God=94 (Romans 4:3) = and always=20 obeyed his call. For this reason he is called =93the Father of all = who=20 believe=94 (Romans 4:11-18). The other is the Virgin = Mary who,=20 throughout her entire life, embodied in a perfect way the = obedience of=20 faith: =93Let it be done to me according to your word=94 = (Luke=20 1:38).

27. What does it mean in practice for a person to believe in = God?

150-152
176-178

It means to adhere to God himself, entrusting oneself to him = and giving=20 assent to all the truths which God has revealed because God is = Truth. It=20 means to believe in one God in three Persons, Father, Son, and = Holy=20 Spirit.

28. What are the characteristics of faith?

153-165
179-180
183-184

Faith is the supernatural virtue which is necessary for=20 salvation. It is a free gift of God and is accessible to = all who=20 humbly seek it. The act of faith is a human act, that is, = an act of=20 the intellect of a person - prompted by the will moved by God - = who freely=20 assents to divine truth. Faith is also certain because it = is=20 founded on the Word of God; it works =93through = charity=94=20 (Galatians 5:6); and it continually grows = through=20 listening to the Word of God and through prayer. It is, even now, = a=20 foretaste of the joys of heaven.

29. Why is there no contradiction between faith and = science?

159

Though faith is above reason, there can never be a = contradiction=20 between faith and science because both originate in God. It is God = himself=20 who gives to us the light both of reason and of faith.

=93I believe, in order to = understand; and I=20 understand, the better to believe.=94 (Saint=20 Augustine)

We = Believe

30. Why is faith a personal act, and at the same time=20 ecclesial?

166-169
181

Faith is a personal act insofar as it is the free response of = the human=20 person to God who reveals himself. But at the same time it = is an=20 ecclesial act which expresses itself in the proclamation, =93We = believe=94. It=20 is in fact the Church that believes: and thus by the grace of the = Holy=20 Spirit precedes, engenders and nourishes the faith of each=20 Christian For this reason the Church is Mother and = Teacher.

=93No one can have God as Father who = does not=20 have the Church as Mother.=94 (Saint=20 Cyprian)

31. Why are the formulas of faith important?

170-171

The formulas of faith are important because they permit one to = express,=20 assimilate, celebrate, and share together with others the truths = of the=20 faith through a common language.

32. In what way is the faith of the Church one faith = alone?

172-175
182

The Church, although made up of persons who have diverse = languages,=20 cultures, and rites, nonetheless professes with a united voice the = one=20 faith that was received from the one Lord and that was passed on = by the=20 one Apostolic Tradition. She confesses one God alone, Father, Son, = and=20 Holy Spirit, and points to one way of salvation. Therefore we = believe with=20 one heart and one soul all that is contained in the Word of God, = handed=20 down or written, and which is proposed by the Church as = divinely=20 revealed.

Section = Two
The Profession of = the=20 Christian Faith

The=20 Creed

The Apostles=92 Creed

I believe in God the Father almighty,
Creator of heaven and = earth.=20
And in Jesus Christ, His only Son,
our Lord, Who was = conceived by=20 the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered under = Pontius=20 Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried.
He descended = into hell;=20 the third day
He rose again from the dead;
He ascended into = heaven,=20 and sits at
the right hand of God the Father
almighty, = from thence=20 He shall come
to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in = the=20 Holy Spirit,
the holy Catholic Church,
the communion of = saints,=20
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body =
and life=20 everlasting.
Amen.

Symbolum Apostolicum

Credo in Deum Patrem = omnipot=E9ntem,=20 Creatorem c=E6li et terr=E6, et in Iesum Christum, Filium = Eius unicum,=20 Dominum nostrum, qui conc=E9ptus est de Sp=EDritu Sancto, natus ex = Maria=20 Virgine, passus sub P=F3ntio Pil=E1to, crucifixus, m=F3rtuus, et = sep=FAltus,=20 desc=E9ndit ad =EDnferos, t=E9rtia die resurr=E9xit a m=F3rtuis, = asc=E9ndit ad c=E6los,=20 sedet ad d=E9xteram Dei Patris omnipot=E9ntis, inde vent=FArus est = iudic=E1re=20 vivos et m=F3rtuos.

Et in Sp=EDritum Sanctum,
sanctam = Eccl=E9siam=20 cath=F3licam,
sanct=F3rum communi=F3nem,
remissi=F3nem = peccat=F3rum,=20
carnis resurrecti=F3nem,
vitam =E6t=E9rnam. Amen.

The = Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed

I believe in one God,
the Father, the Almighty,
maker = of heaven=20 and earth,
of all that is, seen and unseen.

I believe one Lord, Jesus Christ,
the only Son of God, =
eternally=20 begotten of the Father,
God from God, Light from Light, =
true God=20 from true God,
begotten, not made,
one in Being with the = Father.=20
Through Him all things were made.

For us men and for our salvation,
He came down from heaven: = by the=20
power of the Holy Spirit He was
born of the Virgin = Mary,
and=20 became Man.

For our sake He was crucified
under Pontius Pilate;
He=20 suffered, died, and was buried.

On the third day He rose again
in fulfillment of the=20 Scriptures;

He ascended into heaven,
and is seated at the right hand of = the=20
Father. He will come again in glory
to judge the living = and the=20 dead,
and His kingdom will have no end.

I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the Lord, the Giver of life, =
Who=20 proceeds from the Father and
the Son. With the Father and the = Son=20
He is worshiped and glorified.
He has spoken through the = prophets.=20

I believe in one, holy, catholic,
and apostolic Church.

I acknowledge one Baptism
for the forgiveness of sins. =
I look=20 for the resurrection of the dead,
and the life of the world to = come.=20

Amen.

Symbolum Nic=E6num Costantinopolitanum

Credo in = unum Deum,=20
Patrem omnipot=E9ntem,
Factorem c=E6li et = terr=E6,
visib=EDlium =F3mnium=20 et invisibilium
Et in unum D=F3minum Iesum =
Christum,
Filium Dei=20 unig=E9nitum
et ex Patre natum
ante =F3mnia = sǽcula:
Deum de Deo,=20 Lumen de L=FAmine,
Deum verum de Deo vero,
g=E9nitum, non = factum,=20 consubstanti=E1lem Patri: per quem =F3mnia
facta sunt;
qui = propter nos=20 h=F3mines
et propter nostram sal=FAtem,
desc=E9ndit de = c=E6lis, et=20 incarn=E1tus est
de Sp=EDritu Sancto ex Maria V=EDirgine =
et homo factus=20 est, crucif=EDxus =E9tiam
pro nobis sub P=F3ntio Pil=E1to, = passus
et=20 sep=FAltus est, et resurr=E9xit t=E9rtia
die sec=FAndum = Script=FAras,
et=20 asc=E9ndit in c=E6lum, sedet ad
d=E9xteram Patris, et =EDterum = vent=FArus=20
est cum gl=F3ria, iudic=E1re vivos et
m=F3rtuos, cuius = regni non erit=20 finis.

Credo in Sp=EDritum Sanctum, Dominum et = vivific=E1ntem, qui ex=20 Patre
Fili=F3que proc=E9dit, qui cum Patre et
F=EDlio = simul ador=E1tur et=20 conglorific=E1tur, qui loc=FAtus est per proph=E9tas.

Et = unam sanctam=20 cath=F3licam
et apost=F3licam Eccl=E9siam.

Conf=EDteor = unum=20 Bapt=EDsma
in remissi=F3nem peccat=F3rum.
Et exsp=E9cto = resurrecti=F3nem=20 mortu=F3rum,
et vitam vent=FAri=20 = s=E6culi.

Amen. = &= nbsp; &n= bsp; &nb= sp; &nbs= p; = ; =20

CHAPTER = ONE

I Believe in God the=20 Father

The Symbols = of=20 Faith

33. What are the symbols of faith?

185-188
192, 197

The symbols of faith are composite formulas, also called = =93professions=20 of faith=94 or =93Creeds=94, with which the Church from her very = beginning has=20 set forth synthetically and handed on her own faith in a language = that is=20 normative and common to all the faithful.

34. What are the most ancient symbols (professions) of=20 faith?

189-191

The most ancient symbols of faith are the baptismal = creeds.=20 Because Baptism is conferred =93in the name of the Father, and of = the Son,=20 and of the Holy Spirit=94 (Matthew 28:19), the truths of = faith=20 professed at Baptism are articulated in reference to the three = Persons of=20 the Most Holy Trinity.

35. What are the most important symbols of the = faith?

193-195

They are the Apostles' Creed which is the ancient = baptismal=20 symbol of the Church of Rome and the Nicene-Constantinopolitan=20 Creed which stems from the first two ecumenical = Councils, that=20 of Nicea (325 A.D.) and that of Constantinople (381 A.D.) and = which even=20 to this day are common to all the great Churches of the = East and=20 the West.

=93I believe in God = the Father=20 Almighty,
Creator of heaven and earth.=94

36. Why does the Profession of Faith begin with the words, = =93I=20 believe in God=94?

198-199

The Profession of Faith begins with these words because the = affirmation=20 =93I believe in God=94 is the most important, the source of all = the other=20 truths about man and about the world, and about the entire life of = everyone who believes in God.

37. Why does one profess belief that there is only one = God?

200-202
228

Belief in the one God is professed because he has revealed = himself to=20 the people of Israel as the only One when he said, =93Hear, O = Israel, the=20 Lord our God is one Lord=94 (Deuteronomy 6:4) and =93there = is no other=94=20 (Isaiah 45:22). Jesus himself confirmed that God is =93the = one Lord=94=20 (Mark 12:29). To confess that Jesus and the Holy Spirit are = also=20 God and Lord does not introduce any division into the one God.

38. With what name does God reveal Himself?

203-209
230-231

God revealed himself to Moses as the living God, =93the God of = Abraham,=20 the God of Isaac, the God of Jacob=94 (Exodus 3:6). God = also revealed=20 to Moses his mysterious name =93I Am Who I Am (YHWH)=94. Already = in Old=20 Testament times this ineffable name of God was replaced by the = divine=20 title Lord. Thus in the New Testament, Jesus who was called = Lord is seen as true God.

39. Is God the only One who =93is=94?

2112-213

Since creatures have received everything they are and have from = God,=20 only God in himself is the fullness of being and of every=20 perfection. God is =93He who is=94 without origin and = without end.=20 Jesus also reveals that he bears the divine name =93I Am=94 = (John=20 8:28).

40. Why is the revelation of God's name important?

206-213

In revealing his name, God makes known the riches contained in = the=20 ineffable mystery of his being. He alone is from everlasting to=20 everlasting. He is the One who transcends the world and history. = It is he=20 who made heaven and earth. He is the faithful God, always close to = his=20 people, in order to save them. He is the highest holiness, =93rich = in mercy=94=20 (Ephesians 2:4), always ready to forgive. He is the One who = is=20 spiritual, transcendent, omnipotent, eternal, personal, and = perfect. He is=20 truth and love.

=93God is the infinitely perfect = being who is=20 the most Holy Trinity.=94 (Saint Turibius of=20 Montenegro)

41. In what way is God the truth?

214-217
231

God is Truth itself and as such he can neither deceive nor be = deceived.=20 He is =93light, and in him there is no darkness=94 (1 John = 1:5). The=20 eternal Son of God, the incarnation of wisdom, was sent into the = world =93to=20 bear witness to the Truth=94 (John 18:37).

42. In what way does God reveal that he is love?

218-221

God revealed himself to Israel as the One who has a stronger = love than=20 that of parents for their children or of husbands and wives for = their=20 spouses. God in himself =93is love=94 (1 John 4: 8.16), who = gives=20 himself completely and gratuitously, who =93so loved the world = that he gave=20 his only Son so that the world might be saved through him=94 = (John=20 3:16-17). By sending his Son and the Holy Spirit, God reveals that = he=20 himself is an eternal exchange of love.

43. What does it mean to believe in only one God?

222-227
229

To believe in the one and only God involves coming to know = his=20 greatness and majesty. It involves living in thanksgiving and = trusting=20 always in him, even in adversity. It involves knowing the unity = and true=20 dignity of all human beings, created in his image. It involves = making good=20 use of the things which he has created.

44. What is the central mystery of Christian faith = and=20 life?

232-237

The central mystery of Christian faith and life is the mystery = of the=20 Most Blessed Trinity. Christians are baptized in the name of the = Father=20 and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.

45. Can the mystery of the Most Holy Trinity be known by the = light=20 of human reason alone?

237

God has left some traces of his trinitarian being in creation = and in=20 the Old Testament but his inmost being as the Holy Trinity is a = mystery=20 which is inaccessible to reason alone or even to Israel=92s faith = before the=20 Incarnation of the Son of God and the sending of the Holy Spirit. = This=20 mystery was revealed by Jesus Christ and it is the source of all = the other=20 mysteries.

46. What did Jesus Christ reveal to us about the mystery of = the=20 Father?

240-242

Jesus Christ revealed to us that God is =93Father=94, not only = insofar as=20 he created the universe and the mankind, but above all because he=20 eternally generated in his bosom the Son who is his Word, =93 the = radiance=20 of the glory of God and the very stamp of his nature=94 = (Hebrews=20 1:3).

47. Who is the Holy Spirit revealed to us by Jesus = Christ?

243-248

The Holy Spirit is the third Person of the Most Blessed = Trinity. He is=20 God, one and equal with the Father and the Son. He =93proceeds = from the=20 Father=94 (John 15:26) who is the principle without a = principle and=20 the origin of all trinitarian life. He proceeds also from the Son=20 (Filioque) by the eternal Gift which the Father makes of = him to the=20 Son. Sent by the Father and the Incarnate Son, the Holy Spirit = guides the=20 Church =93to know all truth=94 (John 16:13).

48. How does the Church express her trinitarian = faith?

249-256
266

The Church expresses her trinitarian faith by professing a = belief in=20 the oneness of God in whom there are three Persons: Father, Son, = and Holy=20 Spirit. The three divine Persons are only one God because each of = them=20 equally possesses the fullness of the one and indivisible divine = nature.=20 They are really distinct from each other by reason of the = relations which=20 place them in correspondence to each other. The Father generates = the Son;=20 the Son is generated by the Father; the Holy Spirit proceeds from = the=20 Father and the Son.

49. How do the three divine Persons work?

257-260
267

Inseparable in their one substance, the three divine Persons = are also=20 inseparable in their activity. The Trinity has one operation, sole = and the=20 same. In this one divine action, however, each Person is present = according=20 to the mode which is proper to him in the Trinity.

=93O my God, Trinity whom I = adore...grant my=20 soul peace; make it your heaven, your beloved dwelling, and the = place of=20 your rest. May I never abandon you there, but may I be there, = whole and=20 entire, completely vigilant in my faith, entirely adoring, and = wholly=20 given over to your creative action.=94 (Blessed Elizabeth of = the=20 Trinity)

50. What does it mean to say that God is almighty?

268-278

God reveals himself as =93the strong One, the mighty One=94 = (Psalm=20 24:8), as the One =93to whom nothing is impossible=94 (Luke = 1:37). His=20 omnipotence is universal, mysterious and shows itself in the = creation of=20 the world out of nothing and humanity out of love; but above all = it shows=20 itself in the Incarnation and the Resurrection of his Son, in the = gift of=20 filial adoption and in the forgiveness of sins. For this reason, = the=20 Church directs her prayers to the =93almighty and eternal God=94=20 (=93Omnipotens sempiterne Deus...=94).

51. What is the importance of affirming =93In the beginning = God=20 created the heavens and the earth=94 (Genesis 1:1)?

279-289
315

The significance is that creation is the foundation of all = God=92s saving=20 plans. It shows forth the almighty and wise love of God, = and it is=20 the first step toward the covenant of the one God with his people. = It is=20 the beginning of the history of salvation which culminates in = Christ; and=20 it is the first answer to our fundamental questions regarding our = very=20 origin and destiny.

52. Who created the world?

290-292
316

The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are the one and = indivisible=20 principle of creation even though the work of creating the world = is=20 particularly attributed to God the Father.

53. Why was the world created?

293-294
319

The world was created for the glory of God who wished to show = forth and=20 communicate his goodness, truth and beauty. The ultimate end of = creation=20 is that God, in Christ, might be =93all in all=94 (1 = Corinthians=20 15:28) for his glory and for our happiness.

=93The glory of God is man fully = alive; moreover=20 man=92s life is the vision of God.=94 (Saint=20 Irenaeus)

54. How did God create the universe?

295-301
317-320

God created the universe freely with wisdom and love. The world = is not=20 the result of any necessity, nor of blind fate, nor of chance. God = created=20 =93out of nothing=94 (ex nihilo) (2 Maccabees = 7:28) a=20 world which is ordered and good and which he infinitely = transcends. God=20 preserves his creation in being and sustains it, giving it the = capacity=20 to act and leading it toward its fulfillment through his Son = and the=20 Holy Spirit.

55. What is divine providence?

302-306
321

Divine Providence consists in the dispositions with which God = leads his=20 creatures toward their ultimate end. God is the sovereign Master = of his=20 own plan. To carry it out, however, he also makes use of the = cooperation=20 of his creatures. For God grants his creatures the dignity of = acting on=20 their own and of being causes for each other.

56. How do we collaborate with divine Providence?

307-308
323

While respecting our freedom, God asks us to cooperate with him = and=20 gives us the ability to do so through actions, prayers and = sufferings,=20 thus awakening in us the desire =93to will and to work for his = good=20 pleasure=94 (Philippians 2:13).

57. If God is omnipotent and provident, why then does evil=20 exist?

309-310
324, 400

To this question, as painful and mysterious as it is, only the=20 whole of Christian faith can constitute a response. God is = not in=20 any way - directly or indirectly - the cause of evil. He = illuminates the=20 mystery of evil in his Son Jesus Christ who died and rose in order = to=20 vanquish that great moral evil, human sin, which is at the root of = all=20 other evils.

58. Why does God permit evil?

311-314
324

Faith gives us the certainty that God would not permit evil if = he did=20 not cause a good to come from that very evil. This was realized in = a=20 wondrous way by God in the death and resurrection of Christ. In = fact, from=20 the greatest of all moral evils (the murder of his Son) he has = brought=20 forth the greatest of all goods (the glorification of Christ and = our=20 redemption).

Heaven and=20 Earth

59. What did God create?

325-327

Sacred Scripture says, =93In the beginning, God created the = heavens and=20 the earth=94 (Genesis 1:1). The Church in her profession of = faith=20 proclaims that God is the Creator of everything, visible and = invisible, of=20 all spiritual and corporeal beings, that is, of angels and of the = visible=20 world and, in a special way, of man.

60. Who are the angels?

328-333
350-351

The angels are purely spiritual creatures, incorporeal, = invisible,=20 immortal, and personal beings endowed with intelligence and will. = They=20 ceaselessly contemplate God face-to-face and they glorify him. = They serve=20 him and are his messengers in the accomplishment of his = saving=20 mission to all.

61. In what way are angels present in the life of the = Church?=20

334-336
352

The Church joins with the angels in adoring God, invokes their=20 assistance and commemorates some in her liturgy.

=93 Beside each believer stands an = angel as a=20 protector and shepherd leading him to life.=94 (Saint Basil = the=20 Great)

62. What does Sacred Scripture teach about the creation of = the=20 visible world?

337-344

Through the account of the =93six days=94 of creation Sacred = Scripture=20 teaches us the value of the created world and its purpose, namely, = to=20 praise God and to serve humanity. Every single thing owes its very = existence to God from whom it receives its goodness and = perfection, its=20 proper laws and its proper place in the universe.

63. What is the place of the human person in = creation?

343-344
353

The human person is the summit of visible creation in as much = as he or=20 she is created in the image and likeness of God.

64. What kind of bond exists between created things?

342
354

There exist an interdependence and a hierarchy among creatures = as=20 willed by God. At the same time, there is also a unity and = solidarity=20 among creatures since all have the same Creator, are loved by him = and are=20 ordered to his glory. Respecting the laws inscribed in creation = and the=20 relations which derive from the nature of things is, therefore, a=20 principle of wisdom and a foundation for morality.

65. What is the relationship between the work of creation = and the=20 work of redemption?

345-349

The work of creation culminates in the still greater = work of=20 redemption, which in fact gives rise to a new creation in which = everything=20 will recover its true meaning and fulfillment.

Man

66. In what sense do we understand man and woman as created = =93in the=20 image of God=94?

355-357

The human person is created in the image of God in the = sense that=20 he or she is capable of knowing and of loving their Creator in = freedom.=20 Human beings are the only creatures on earth that God has willed = for their=20 own sake and has called to share, through knowledge and love, in = his own=20 divine life. All human beings, in as much as they are created in = the image=20 of God, have the dignity of a person. A person is not something = but=20 someone, capable of self-knowledge and of freely giving himself = and=20 entering into communion with God and with other persons.

67. For what purpose did God create man and woman?

358-359
380-381

God has created everything for them; but he has created them to = know,=20 serve and love God, to offer all of creation in this world in = thanksgiving=20 back to him and to be raised up to life with him in heaven. Only = in the=20 mystery of the incarnate Word does the mystery of the human person = come=20 into true light. Man and woman are predestined to reproduce the = image of=20 the Son of God made Man, who is the perfect =93image of the = invisible God=94=20 (Colossians 1:15).

68. Why does the human race form a unity?

360-361

All people form the unity of the human race by reason of the = common=20 origin which they have from God. God has made =93from one ancestor = all the=20 nations of men=94 (Acts 17:26). All have but one Savior and = are=20 called to share in the eternal happiness of God.

69. How do the soul and body form a unity in the human=20 being?

362-365
382

The human person is a being at once corporeal and = spiritual. In=20 man spirit and matter form one nature. This unity is so profound = that,=20 thanks to the spiritual principle which is the soul, the body = which is=20 material, becomes a living human body and participates in the = dignity of=20 the image of God.

70. Where does the soul come from?

366-368
382

The spiritual soul does not come from one=92s parents but is = created=20 immediately by God and is immortal. It does not perish at the = moment when=20 it is separated from the body in death and it will be once again = reunited=20 with the body at the moment of the final resurrection.

71. What relationship has God established between man and=20 woman?

369-373
383

Man and woman have been created by God in equal dignity insofar = as they=20 are human persons. At the same time, they have been created in a=20 reciprocal complementarity insofar as they are masculine and = feminine. God=20 has willed them one for the other to form a communion of = persons.=20 They are also called to transmit human life by forming in = matrimony =93one=20 flesh=94 (Genesis 2:24). They are likewise called to subdue = the earth=20 as =93stewards=94 of God.

72. What was the original condition of the human person = according to=20 the plan of God?

374-379
384

In creating man and woman God had given them a special = participation in=20 his own divine life in holiness and justice. In the plan of God = they would=20 not have had to suffer or die. Furthermore, a perfect harmony held = sway=20 within the human person, a harmony between creature and Creator, = between=20 man and woman, as well as between the first human couple and all = of=20 creation.

The=20 Fall

73. How should we understand the reality of sin?

385-389

Sin is present in human history. This reality of sin can be = understood=20 clearly only in the light of divine revelation and above all in = the light=20 of Christ the Savior of all. Where sin abounded, he made grace to = abound=20 all the more.

74. What was the fall of the angels?

391-395
414

This expression indicates that Satan and the other demons, = about which=20 Sacred Scripture and the Tradition of the Church speak, were = angels,=20 created good by God. They were, however, transformed into evil = because=20 with a free and irrevocable choice they rejected God and his = Kingdom, thus=20 giving rise to the existence of hell. They try to associate human = beings=20 with their revolt against God. However, God has wrought in Christ = a sure=20 victory over the Evil One.

75. What was the first human sin?

396-403
415-417

When tempted by the devil, the first man and woman allowed = trust in=20 their Creator to die in their hearts. In their disobedience they = wished to=20 become =93like God=94 but without God and not in accordance with = God=20 (Genesis 3:5). Thus, Adam and Eve immediately lost for = themselves=20 and for all their descendants the original grace of holiness and=20 justice.

76. What is original sin?

404
419

Original sin, in which all human beings are born, is the state = of=20 deprivation of original holiness and justice. It is a sin=20 =93contracted=94 by us not =93committed=94; it is a state of birth = and not a=20 personal act. Because of the original unity of all human beings, = it is=20 transmitted to the descendants of Adam =93not by imitation, but by = propagation=94. This transmission remains a mystery which we = cannot fully=20 understand.

77. What other consequences derive from original = sin?

405-409
418

In consequence of original sin human nature, without = being=20 totally corrupted, is wounded in its natural powers. It is = subject=20 to ignorance, to suffering, and to the dominion of death and is = inclined=20 toward sin. This inclination is called concupiscence.

78. After the first sin, what did God do?

410-412
420

After the first sin the world was inundated with sin but God = did not=20 abandon man to the power of death. Rather, he foretold in a = mysterious way=20 in the =93Protoevangelium=94 (Genesis 3:15) that evil would = be=20 conquered and that man would be lifted up from his fall. = This was=20 the first proclamation of the Messiah and Redeemer. Therefore, the = fall=20 would be called in the future a =93happy fault=94 because = it =93gained=20 for us so great a Redeemer=94 (Liturgy of the Easter = Vigil).

CHAPTER = TWO

I Believe = in Jesus=20 Christ, the Only Son of God

79. What is the Good News for humanity?

422-424

It is the proclamation of Jesus Christ, the =93Son of the = living=20 God=94 (Matthew 16:16), who died and rose from the = dead. In the=20 time of King Herod and the Emperor Caesar Augustus, God fulfilled = the=20 promises that he made to Abraham and his descendants. He sent = =93his Son,=20 born of a woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were = under the=20 law, so that we might receive adoption as sons=94 = (Galatians=20 4:4-5).

80. How is the Good News spread?

425-429

From the very beginning the first disciples burned with the = desire=20 to proclaim Jesus Christ in order to lead all to faith in him. = Even=20 today, from the loving knowledge of Christ there springs up in the = believer the desire to evangelize and catechize, that is, = to reveal=20 in the Person of Christ the entire design of God and to put = humanity in=20 communion with him.

=93And in Jesus = Christ, His only=20 Son our Lord=94

81. What is the meaning of the name =93Jesus=94?

430-435
452

Given by the angel at the time of the Annunciation, the name = =93Jesus=94=20 means =93God saves=94. The name expresses his identity and his = mission=20 =93because he will save his people from their sins=94 = (Matthew 1:21).=20 Peter proclaimed that =93there is no other name under heaven given = to men by=20 which we can be saved=94 (Acts 4:12).

82. Why is Jesus called =93Christ=94?

436-440
453

=93Christ=94 in Greek, =93Messiah=94 in Hebrew, means the = =93anointed one=94. Jesus=20 is the Christ because he is consecrated by God and anointed by the = Holy=20 Spirit for his redeeming mission. He is the Messiah awaited by = Israel,=20 sent into the world by the Father. Jesus accepted the title of = Messiah but=20 he made the meaning of the term clear: =93come down = from=20 heaven=94 (John 3:13), crucified and then risen , he is the = Suffering=20 Servant =93who gives his life as a ransom for the many=94=20 (Matthew 20:28). From the name Christ comes our name of=20 Christian.

83. In what sense is Jesus the Only Begotten Son of = God?

441-445
454

Jesus is the Son of God in a unique and perfect way. At = the time=20 of his Baptism and his Transfiguration, the voice of the Father = designated=20 Jesus as his =93beloved Son=94. In presenting himself as the Son = who =93knows=20 the Father=94 (Matthew 11:27), Jesus affirmed his singular = and=20 eternal relationship with God his Father. He is =93the Only = Begotten Son of=20 God=94 (1 John 4:9), the second Person of the Blessed = Trinity. He is=20 the central figure of apostolic preaching. The apostles saw =93his = glory as=20 of the Only Begotten of the Father=94 (John 1:14).

84. What is the meaning of the title =93Lord=94?

446-451
455

In the Bible this title regularly designates God as Sovereign. = Jesus=20 ascribed this title to himself and revealed his divine sovereignty = by his=20 power over nature, over demons, over sin, and over death, above = all by his=20 own Resurrection. The first Christian creeds proclaimed that the = power,=20 the honor, and the glory that are due to God the Father also = belong to=20 Jesus: God =93has given him the name which is above every other = name=94=20 (Philippians 2:9). He is the Lord of the world and of = history, the=20 only One to whom we must completely submit our personal freedom. =

=93Jesus Christ = was conceived by=20 the power
of the Holy Spirit, and was born of the Virgin=20 Mary=94

85. Why did the Son of God become man?

456-460

For us men and for our salvation, the Son of God became = incarnate in=20 the womb of the Virgin Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit. He = did so to=20 reconcile us sinners with God, to have us learn of God=92s = infinite love, to=20 be our model of holiness and to make us =93partakers of the divine = nature=94=20 (2 Peter 1:4).

86. What does the word =93Incarnation=94 mean?

461-463
483

The Church calls the mystery of the wonderful union of the = divine and=20 human natures in the one divine Person of the Word the=20 =93Incarnation=94. To bring about our salvation the Son of God was = made=20 =93flesh=94 (John 1:14) and became truly man. Faith in the = Incarnation=20 is a distinctive sign of the Christian faith.

87. In what way is Jesus Christ true God and true = man?

464-467
469

Jesus is inseparably true God and true man in the unity of his = divine=20 Person. As the Son of God, who is =93begotten, not made, = consubstantial with=20 the Father,=94 he was made true man, our brother, without ceasing = to be God,=20 our Lord.

88. What does the Council of Chalcedon (in the year 451) = teach in=20 this regard?

467

The Council of Chalcedon teaches us to confess =93one and the = same Son,=20 our Lord Jesus Christ, perfect in his humanity, true God and true = man,=20 composed of rational soul and body, consubstantial with the Father = by his=20 divinity, and consubstantial with us by his humanity, =91like us = in all=20 things but sin=92 (Hebrews 4:15), begotten from the Father = before all=20 ages as to his divinity, and in these last days, for us and for = our=20 salvation, born of Mary, the Virgin and Mother of God, as to his=20 humanity.=94

89. How does the Church set forth the Mystery of the=20 Incarnation?

464-470
479-481

The Church confesses that Jesus Christ is true God and true = man, with=20 two natures, a divine nature and a human nature, not confused with = each=20 other but united in the Person of the Word. Therefore, in the = humanity of=20 Jesus all things - his miracles, his suffering, and his death - = must be=20 attributed to his divine Person which acts by means of his assumed = human=20 nature.

=93O Only-begotten Son and Word of = God you who=20 are immortal, you who deigned for our salvation to become = incarnate of=20 the holy Mother of God and ever Virgin Mary (...) You who are = one of the=20 Holy Trinity, glorified with the Father and the Holy Spirit, = save=20 us!=94 (Byzantine Liturgy of Saint John=20 Chrysostom)

90. Did the incarnate Son of God have a soul with human=20 knowledge?

470-474
482

The Son of God assumed a body animated by a rational human = soul. With=20 his human intellect Jesus learned many things by way of = experience; but=20 also as man the Son of God had an intimate and immediate = knowledge=20 of God his Father. He likewise understood people=92s secret = thoughts and he=20 knew fully the eternal plans which he had come to reveal.

91. How did the two wills of the incarnate Word = cooperate?

475
482

Jesus had a divine will and a human will. In his earthly life = the Son=20 of God humanly willed all that he had divinely decided with the = Father and=20 the Holy Spirit for our salvation. The human will of Christ = followed=20 without opposition or reluctance the divine will or, in other = words, it=20 was subject to it.

92. Did Christ have a true human body?

476-477

Christ assumed a true human body by means of which the = invisible God=20 became visible. This is the reason why Christ can be represented = and=20 venerated in sacred images.

93. What does the heart of Jesus exemplify?

478

Jesus knew us and loved us with a human heart. His Heart, = pierced for=20 our salvation, is the symbol of that infinite love with which he = loves the=20 Father and each one of us.

94. What is the meaning of the expression =93conceived by = the power of=20 the Holy Spirit...=94?

484-486

This expression means that the Virgin Mary conceived the = eternal Son in=20 her womb by the power of the Holy Spirit without the cooperation = of a man.=20 The angel told her at the Annunciation that =93the Holy Spirit = will come=20 upon you=94 (Luke 1:35).

95. =93...Born of the Virgin Mary=94: Why is Mary truly the = Mother of=20 God?

495
509

Mary is truly the Mother of God because she is the = Mother of=20 Jesus (John 2:1, John 19:25). The One who was = conceived by=20 the power of the Holy Spirit and became truly her Son is actually = the=20 eternal Son of God the Father. He is God himself.

96. What does the =93Immaculate Conception=94 mean?

487-492
508

God freely chose Mary from all eternity to be the Mother of his = Son. In=20 order to carry out her mission she herself was conceived=20 immaculate. This means that, thanks to the grace of God and in = anticipation of the merits of Jesus Christ, Mary was preserved = from=20 original sin from the first instant of her conception.

97. How does Mary cooperate in the divine plan of = salvation?

493-494
508-511

By the grace of God Mary was kept free from every personal sin = her=20 whole life long. She is the one who is =93full of grace=94 = (Luke 1:28),=20 =93the all holy=94. When the angel announced to her that she would = give birth=20 to =93the Son of the Most High=94 (Luke 1:32), she freely = gave her=20 consent with =93the obedience of faith=94 (Romans 1:5). = Mary thus gave=20 herself entirely to the person and work of her Son Jesus, = espousing=20 wholeheartedly the divine will regarding salvation.

98. What does the virginal conception of Jesus mean?

496-498
503

The virginal conception of Jesus means that Jesus was conceived = in the=20 womb of the Virgin solely by the power of the Holy Spirit without = the=20 intervention of a man. He is the Son of the heavenly Father = according to=20 his divine nature and the Son of Mary according to his human = nature. He=20 is, however, truly the Son of God in both natures since there is = in him=20 only one Person who is divine.

99. In what sense is Mary =93ever Virgin=94?

499-507
510-511

Mary is ever virgin in the sense that she =93remained a virgin = in=20 conceiving her Son, a virgin in giving birth to him, a virgin in = carrying=20 him, a virgin in nursing him at her breast, always a virgin=94 = (Saint=20 Augustine). Therefore, when the Gospels speak of the =93brothers = and sisters=20 of Jesus=94, they are talking about the close relations of Jesus, = according=20 to the way of speaking used in Sacred Scripture.

100. In what way is the spiritual motherhood of Mary=20 universal?

501-507
511

Mary had only one Son, Jesus, but in him her spiritual = motherhood=20 extends to all whom he came to save. Obediently standing at the = side of=20 the new Adam, Jesus Christ, the Virgin is the new Eve, the = true=20 mother of all the living, who with a mother's love cooperates in = their=20 birth and their formation in the order of grace. Virgin and = Mother, Mary=20 is the figure of the Church, its most perfect realization.

101. In what sense is the life of Christ a Mystery?

512-521
561-562

The entire life of Christ is a revelation. What was visible in = the=20 earthly life of Jesus leads us to the invisible mystery of his = divine=20 sonship: =93whoever has seen me has seen the Father=94 = (John=20 14:9). Furthermore, even though salvation comes completely from = the cross=20 and the resurrection, the entire life of Christ is a mystery of = redemption because everything that Jesus did, said, and = suffered had=20 for its aim the salvation of fallen human beings and the = restoration of=20 their vocation as children of God.

102. How did God prepare the world for the mystery of=20 Christ?

522-524

God prepared for the coming of his Son over the centuries. He = awakened=20 in the hearts of the pagans a dim expectation of this coming and = he=20 prepared for it specifically through the Old Testament, = culminating with=20 John the Baptist who was the last and greatest of the = prophets. We=20 relive this long period of expectancy in the annual liturgical = celebration=20 of the season of Advent.

103. What does the Gospel teach about the mysteries of the = birth and=20 infancy of Jesus?

525-530
563-564

At Christmas the glory of heaven is shown forth in the = weakness=20 of a baby; the circumcision of Jesus is a sign of his = belonging=20 to the Hebrew people and is a prefiguration of our Baptism; = the=20 Epiphany is the manifestation of the Messiah King of Israel = to all=20 the nations; at the presentation in the temple, Simeon and = Anna=20 symbolise all the anticipation of Israel awaiting its encounter = with its=20 Savior; the flight into Egypt and the massacre of = the=20 innocents proclaim that the entire life of Christ will be = under the=20 sign of persecution; the departure from Egypt recalls the = exodus=20 and presents Jesus as the new Moses and the true and definitive=20 liberator.

104. What does the hidden life of Jesus in Nazareth teach=20 us?

533-534
564

In the course of his hidden life in Nazareth Jesus = stayed in the=20 silence of an ordinary existence. This allows us to enter into = fellowship=20 with him in the holiness to be found in a daily life marked = by=20 prayer, simplicity, work and family love. His obedience to Mary = and to=20 Joseph, his foster father, is an image of his filial obedience to = the=20 Father. Mary and Joseph accepted with faith the mystery of Jesus = even=20 though they did not always understand it.

105. Why did Jesus receive from John the =93baptism of = repentance for=20 the forgiveness of sins=94 (Luke 3:3)?

535-537
565

To inaugurate his public life and to anticipate the = =93Baptism=94 of his=20 death, he who was without sin accepted to be numbered among = sinners. He=20 was =93the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world=94 = (John=20 1:29). The Father proclaimed him to be =93his beloved Son=94 = (Matthew=20 3:17) and the Spirit descended upon him. The baptism of Jesus is a = prefiguring of our baptism.

106. What do we learn from the temptations of Jesus in the=20 desert?

538-540
566

The temptations of Jesus in the desert recapitulate the = temptation of=20 Adam in Paradise and the temptations of Israel in the desert. = Satan tempts=20 Jesus in regard to his obedience to the mission given him by the = Father.=20 Christ, the new Adam, resists and his victory proclaims that of = his=20 passion which is the supreme obedience of his filial love. The = Church=20 unites herself to this mystery in a special way in the liturgical = season=20 of Lent.

107. Who is invited to come into the Kingdom of God = proclaimed and=20 brought about by Jesus?

541-546
567

All are invited by Jesus to enter the Kingdom of God. Even the = worst of=20 sinners is called to convert and to accept the boundless mercy of = the=20 Father. Already here on earth, the Kingdom belongs to those who = accept it=20 with a humble heart. To them the mysteries of the Kingdom are=20 revealed.

108. Why did Jesus manifest the Kingdom by means of signs = and=20 miracles?

547-550
567

Jesus accompanied his words with signs and = miracles to=20 bear witness to the fact that the Kingdom is present in him, the = Messiah.=20 Although he healed some people, he did not come to abolish all = evils here=20 below but rather to free us especially from the slavery of sin. = The=20 driving out of demons proclaimed that his cross would be = victorious over=20 =93the ruler of this world=94 (John 12:31).

109. In the Kingdom, what authority did Jesus bestow upon = his=20 Apostles?

551-553
567

Jesus chose the twelve, the future witnesses of his=20 Resurrection, and made them sharers of his mission and of his = authority to=20 teach, to absolve from sins, and to build up and govern the = Church. In=20 this college, Peter received =93the keys of the Kingdom=94 = (Matthew=20 16:19) and assumed the first place with the mission to keep the = faith in=20 its integrity and to strengthen his brothers.

110. What is the meaning of the Transfiguration?

554-556
568

Above all the Transfiguration shows forth the Trinity: =93the = Father in=20 the voice, the Son in the man Jesus, the Spirit in the shining = cloud=94=20 (Saint Thomas Aquinas). Speaking with Moses and Elijah about his=20 =93departure=94 (Luke 9:31), Jesus reveals that his glory = comes by way=20 of the cross and he anticipates his resurrection and his glorious = coming=20 =93which will change our lowly body to be like his glorious = body=94=20 (Philippians 3:21).

=93You were transfigured on the = mountain and=20 your disciples, as much as they were capable of it, beheld your = glory, O=20 Christ our God, so that when they should see you crucified they = would=20 understand that your passion was voluntary, and proclaim to the = world=20 that you truly are the splendor of the Father.=94 (Byzantine = Liturgy)

111. How did the messianic entrance into Jerusalem come=20 about?

557-560
569-570

At the established time Jesus chose to go up to Jerusalem to = suffer his=20 passion and death, and to rise from the dead. As the Messiah King = who=20 shows forth the coming of the Kingdom, he entered into his city = mounted on=20 a donkey. He was acclaimed by the little children whose shout of = joyful=20 praise is taken up in the Sanctus of the Eucharistic = liturgy:=20 =93Blessed is He Who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna = (save=20 us!)=94 (Matthew 21:9). The liturgy of the Church opens = Holy=20 Week by celebrating this entry into Jerusalem.

=93Jesus Christ = suffered under=20 Pontius Pilate
was crucified, died, and was=20 buried.=94

112. What is the importance of the Paschal Mystery of = Jesus?

571-573

The Paschal Mystery of Jesus, which comprises his passion, = death,=20 resurrection, and glorification, stands at the center of the = Christian=20 faith because God's saving plan was accomplished once for all by = the=20 redemptive death of his Son Jesus Christ.

113. What were the accusations by which Jesus was condemned = to=20 death?

574-576

Some of the leaders of Israel accused Jesus of acting against = the law,=20 the temple in Jerusalem, and in particular against faith in the = one God=20 because he proclaimed himself to be the Son of God. For this = reason they=20 handed him over to Pilate so that he might condemn him to = death.

114. How did Jesus conduct himself in regard to the Law of=20 Israel?

577-582
592

Jesus did not abolish the Law given by God to Moses on Mount = Sinai but=20 he fulfilled it by giving it its definitive interpretation. He = himself was=20 the divine Legislator who fully carried out this Law. Furthermore, = as the=20 faithful Servant, he offered by means of his expiatory death the = only=20 sacrifice capable of making atonement for all the = =93transgressions=20 committed by men under the first Covenant=94 (Hebrews = 9:15).

115. What was the attitude of Jesus toward the temple in=20 Jerusalem?

583-586
593

Jesus was accused of hostility to the temple. On the contrary, = he=20 venerated it as =93the house of his Father=94 (John 2:16); = and it was=20 there that he imparted an important part of his teaching. However, = he also=20 foretold its destruction in connection with his own death and he = presented=20 himself as the definitive dwelling place of God among men.

116. Did Jesus contradict Israel's faith in the one God and=20 savior?

587-591
594

Jesus never contradicted faith in the one God, not even when he = performed the stupendous divine work which fulfilled the messianic = promises and revealed himself as equal to God, namely the = pardoning of=20 sins. However, the call of Jesus to believe in him and to be = converted=20 makes it possible to understand the tragic misunderstanding of the = Sanhedrin which judged Jesus to be worthy of death as a = blasphemer.

117. Who is responsible for the death of Jesus?

595-598

The passion and death of Jesus cannot be imputed = indiscriminately=20 either to all the Jews that were living at that time or to their=20 descendants. Every single sinner, that is, every human being is = really the=20 cause and the instrument of the sufferings of the Redeemer; and = the=20 greater blame in this respect falls on those above all who are = Christians=20 and who the more often fall into sin or delight in their vices. =

118. Why was the death of Jesus part of God's plan?

599-605
619

To reconcile to himself all who were destined to die because of = sin God=20 took the loving initiative of sending his Son that he might give = himself=20 up for sinners. Proclaimed in the Old Testament, especially as the = sacrifice of the Suffering Servant, the death of Jesus came about = =93in=20 accordance with the Scriptures=94.

119. In what way did Christ offer himself to the = Father?

606-609
620

The entire life of Christ was a free offering to the Father to = carry=20 out his plan of salvation. He gave =93his life as a ransom for = many=94=20 (Mark 10:45) and in this way he reconciled all of humanity = with=20 God. His suffering and death showed how his humanity was the free = and=20 perfect instrument of that divine love which desires the salvation = of all=20 people.

120. How is Jesus=92 offering expressed at the Last = Supper?

610-611
621

At the Last Supper with his apostles on the eve of his passion = Jesus=20 anticipated, that is, both symbolized his free self-offering and = made it=20 really present: =93This is my Body which is given for = you=94=20 (Luke 22:19), =93This is my Blood which is poured = out...=94=20 (Matthew 26:28) Thus he both instituted the Eucharist as = the=20 =93memorial=94 (1 Corinthians 11:25) of his sacrifice and = instituted=20 his apostles as priests of the new covenant.

121. What happened in the Agony in the Garden of = Gethsemane?

612

Despite the horror which death represented for the sacred = humanity of=20 Jesus =93who is the Author of Life=94 (Acts 3:15), the = human will of=20 the Son of God remained faithful to the will of the Father for our = salvation. Jesus accepted the duty to carry our sins in his Body = =93becoming=20 obedient unto death=94 (Philippians 2:8).

122. What are the results of the sacrifice of Christ on the=20 cross?

613-617
622-623

Jesus freely offered his life as an expiatory sacrifice, that = is, he=20 made reparation for our sins with the full obedience of his love = unto=20 death. This love =93to the end=94 (John 13:1) of the Son of = God=20 reconciled all of humanity with the Father. The paschal sacrifice = of=20 Christ, therefore, redeems humanity in a way that is unique, = perfect, and=20 definitive; and it opens up for them communion with God.

123. Why does Jesus call upon his disciples to take up their = cross?

618

By calling his disciples to take up their cross and follow him = Jesus=20 desires to associate with his redeeming sacrifice those who are to = be its=20 first beneficiaries.

124. In what condition was the body of Christ while it lay = in the=20 tomb?

624-630

Christ underwent a real death and a true burial. However, the = power of=20 God preserved his body from corruption.

=93Jesus Christ = descended into=20 hell;
on the third day He rose again from the = dead.=94

125. What is the =93hell=94 into which Jesus = descended?

632-637

This =93hell=94 was different from the hell of the = damned. It was=20 the state of all those, righteous and evil, who died before = Christ. With=20 his soul united to his divine Person Jesus went down to the just = in hell=20 who were awaiting their Redeemer so they could enter at last into = the=20 vision of God. When he had conquered by his death both death and = the devil=20 =93who has the power of death=94 (Hebrews 2:14), he freed = the just who=20 looked forward to the Redeemer and opened for them the gates of=20 heaven.

126. What place does the Resurrection of Christ occupy in = our=20 faith?

631, 638

The Resurrection of Jesus is the crowning truth of our faith in = Christ=20 and represents along with his cross an essential part of the = Paschal=20 Mystery.

127. What are the signs that bear witness to the = Resurrection of=20 Jesus?

639-644
656-657

Along with the essential sign of the empty tomb, the = Resurrection of=20 Jesus is witnessed to by the women who first encountered Christ = and=20 proclaimed him to the apostles. Jesus then =93appeared to Cephas = (Peter) and=20 then to the Twelve. Following that he appeared to more than five = hundred=20 of the brethren at one time=94 (1 Corinthians 15:5-6) and = to others=20 as well. The apostles could not have invented the story of the=20 resurrection since it seemed impossible to them. As a matter of = fact,=20 Jesus himself upbraided them for their unbelief.

128. Why is the Resurrection at the same time a transcendent = occurrence?

647
656-657

While being an historical event, verifiable and attested by = signs and=20 testimonies, the Resurrection, insofar as it is the entrance of = Christ's=20 humanity into the glory of God, transcends and surpasses history = as a=20 mystery of faith. For this reason the risen Christ did not = manifest=20 himself to the world but to his disciples, making them his = witnesses to=20 the people.

129. What is the condition of the risen body of = Jesus?

645-646

The Resurrection of Christ was not a return to earthly life. = His risen=20 body is that which was crucified and bears the marks of his = passion.=20 However it also participates in the divine life, with the = characteristics=20 of a glorified body. Because of this the risen Jesus was utterly = free to=20 appear to his disciples how and where he wished and under various=20 aspects.

130. How is the Resurrection the work of the Most Holy=20 Trinity?

648-650

The Resurrection of Christ is a transcendent work of God. The = three=20 Persons act together according to what is proper to them: the = Father=20 manifests his power; the Son =93takes again=94 the life which he = freely=20 offered (John 10:17), reuniting his soul and his body which = the=20 Spirit brings to life and glorifies.

131. What is the saving meaning of the Resurrection?

651-655
658

The Resurrection is the climax of the Incarnation. It confirms = the=20 divinity of Christ and all the things which he did and taught. It = fulfills=20 all the divine promises made for us. Furthermore the risen Christ, = the=20 conqueror of sin and death, is the principle of our justification = and our=20 Resurrection. It procures for us now the grace of filial adoption = which is=20 a real share in the life of the only begotten Son. At the end of = time he=20 will raise up our bodies.

=93Jesus Ascended = into=20 Heaven
and Is Seated at the Right Hand of
God the Father=20 Almighty=94

132. What does the Ascension mean?

659-667

After forty days during which Jesus showed himself to the = apostles with=20 ordinary human features which veiled his glory as the Risen One, = Christ=20 ascended into heaven and was seated at the right hand of the = Father. He is=20 the Lord who now in his humanity reigns in the everlasting glory = of the=20 Son of God and constantly intercedes for us before the Father. He = sends us=20 his Spirit and he gives us the hope of one day reaching the place = he has=20 prepared for us.

=93From thence He = shall come to=20 judge the living and the dead=94

133. How does the Lord Jesus now reign?

668-674
680

As the Lord of the cosmos and of history, the Head of his = Church, the=20 glorified Christ mysteriously remains on earth where his kingdom = is=20 already present in seed and in its beginning in the Church. One = day he=20 will return in glory but we do not know the time. Because of this = we live=20 in watchful anticipation, praying =93Come, Lord=94 = (Revelation=20 22:20).

134. How will the coming of the Lord in glory = happen?

675-677
680

After the final cosmic upheaval of this passing world the = glorious=20 coming of Christ will take place. Then will come the definitive = triumph of=20 God in the parousia and the Last Judgment. Thus the Kingdom of God = will be=20 realized.

135. How will Christ judge the living and the dead?

678-679
681-682

Christ will judge with the power he has gained as the Redeemer = of the=20 world who came to bring salvation to all. The secrets of hearts = will be=20 brought to light as well as the conduct of each one toward God and = toward=20 his neighbor. Everyone, according to how he has lived, will either = be=20 filled with life or damned for eternity. In this way, =93the = fullness of=20 Christ=94 (Ephesians 4:13) will come about in which =93God = will be all=20 in all=94 (1 Corinthians 15:28).

CHAPTER = THREE

I Believe in the Holy=20 Spirit

136. What does the Church mean when she confesses: =93I = believe in the=20 Holy Spirit=94?

683-686

To believe in the Holy Spirit is to profess faith in the Third = Person=20 of the Most Holy Trinity who proceeds from the Father and the Son = and =93is=20 worshipped and glorified with the Father and the Son=94. The = Spirit is =93sent=20 into our hearts=94 (Galatians 4:6) so that we might receive = new life=20 as sons of God.

137. Why are the missions of the Son and the Holy Spirit=20 inseparable?

687-690
742-743

In the indivisible Trinity, the Son and the Spirit are distinct = but=20 inseparable. From the very beginning until the end of time, when = the=20 Father sends his Son he also sends his Spirit who unites us to = Christ in=20 faith so that as adopted sons we can call God =93Father=94 = (Romans=20 8:15). The Spirit is invisible but we know him through his = actions, when=20 he reveals the Word to us and when he acts in the Church.

138. What are the names of the Holy Spirit?

691-693

=93The Holy Spirit=94 is the proper name of the third Person of = the Most=20 Holy Trinity. Jesus also called him the Paraclete (Consoler or = Advocate)=20 and the Spirit of Truth. The New Testament also refers to him as = the=20 Spirit of Christ, of the Lord, of God - the Spirit of Glory and = the Spirit=20 of the Promise.

139. What symbols are used to represent the Holy = Spirit?

694-701

There are many symbols of the Holy Spirit: living water = which=20 springs from the wounded Heart of Christ and which quenches the = thirst of=20 the baptized; anointing with oil, which is the sacramental = sign of=20 Confirmation; fire which transforms what it touches; the=20 cloud, dark or luminous, in which the divine glory is = revealed; the=20 imposition of hands by which the Holy Spirit is given; the=20 dove which descended on Christ at his baptism and remained = with=20 him.

140. What does it mean that the Spirit =93has spoken through = the=20 prophets=94?

687-688
702-716
743

The term =93prophets=94 means those who were inspired by = the Holy=20 Spirit to speak in the name of God. The Spirit brings the = prophecies of=20 the Old Testament to their complete fulfillment in Christ whose = mystery he=20 reveals in the New Testament.

141. What did the Holy Spirit accomplish in John the=20 Baptist?

717-720

The Spirit filled John the Baptist, who was the last prophet of = the Old=20 Testament. Under his inspiration John was sent to =93prepare for = the Lord a=20 people well disposed=94 (Luke 1:17). He was to proclaim the = coming of=20 Christ, the Son of God, upon whom he saw the Spirit descend and = remain,=20 the one who =93baptizes with the Spirit=94 (John 1:33).

142. What is the work of the Spirit in Mary?

721-726
744

The Holy Spirit brought to fulfillment in Mary all the waiting = and the=20 preparation of the Old Testament for the coming of Christ. In a = singular=20 way he filled her with grace and made her virginity fruitful so = that she=20 could give birth to the Son of God made flesh. He made her the = Mother of=20 the =93whole Christ=94, that is, of Jesus the Head and of the = Church his body.=20 Mary was present with the twelve on the day of Pentecost when the = Holy=20 Spirit inaugurated the =93last days=94 with the manifestation of = the=20 Church.

143. What is the relationship between the Spirit and Christ = Jesus in=20 his earthly mission?

727-730
745-746

Beginning with his Incarnation, the Son of God was consecrated = in his=20 humanity as the Messiah by means of the anointing of the Spirit. = He=20 revealed the Spirit in his teaching, fulfilled the promises made = to the=20 Fathers, and bestowed him upon the Church at its birth when he = breathed on=20 the apostles after the Resurrection.

144. What happened at Pentecost?

731-732
738

Fifty days after the Resurrection at Pentecost the glorified = Jesus=20 Christ poured out the Spirit in abundance and revealed him as a = divine=20 Person so that the Holy Trinity was fully manifest. The mission of = Christ=20 and of the Spirit became the mission of the Church which is sent = to=20 proclaim and spread the mystery of the communion of the Holy = Trinity.

=93We have seen the true Light, we = have received=20 the heavenly Spirit, we have found the true faith: we adore the=20 indivisible Trinity, who has saved us.=94 (Byzantine = Liturgy,=20 Troparion of Vespers of Pentecost)

145. What does the Spirit do in the Church?

733-741
747

The Spirit builds, animates and sanctifies the Church. As the = Spirit of=20 Love, he restores to the baptized the divine likeness that was = lost=20 through sin and causes them to live in Christ the very life of the = Holy=20 Trinity. He sends them forth to bear witness to the Truth of = Christ and he=20 organizes them in their respective functions so that all might = bear =93the=20 fruit of the Spirit=94 (Galatians 5:22).

146. How do Christ and his Spirit act in the hearts of the=20 faithful?

738-741

Christ communicates his Spirit and the grace of God through the = sacraments to all the members of the Church, who thus bear = the=20 fruits of the new life of the Spirit. The Holy Spirit is = also the=20 Master of prayer.

=93I BELIEVE IN THE = HOLY CATHOLIC=20 CHURCH=94

The Church = in the Plan of=20 God

147. What does the word Church mean?

751-752
777,804

The word Church refers to the people whom God calls and = gathers=20 together from every part of the earth. They form the assembly of = those who=20 through faith and Baptism have become children of God, members of = Christ,=20 and temples of the Holy Spirit.

148. Are there other names and images with which the Bible = speaks=20 about the Church?

753-757

In Sacred Scripture we find many images which bring out various = complementary aspects of the mystery of the Church. The Old = Testament=20 favors those images that are bound to the people of God. = The New=20 Testament offers images that are linked to Christ as the Head of = this=20 people which is his Body. Other images are drawn from pastoral = life=20 (sheepfold, flock, sheep), from agriculture (field, olive grove,=20 vineyard), from construction (dwelling place, stone, temple), and = from=20 family life (spouse, mother, family).

149. What is the origin and the fulfillment of the = Church?

758-766
778

The Church finds her origin and fulfillment in the eternal plan = of God.=20 She was prepared for in the Old Covenant with the election of = Israel, the=20 sign of the future gathering of all the nations. Founded by the = words and=20 actions of Jesus Christ, fulfilled by his redeeming death and=20 Resurrection, the Church has been manifested as the mystery of = salvation=20 by the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. She will be = perfected=20 in the glory of heaven as the assembly of all the redeemed of the=20 earth.

150. What is the mission of the Church?

767-769

The mission of the Church is to proclaim and establish the = Kingdom of=20 God begun by Jesus Christ among all peoples. The Church = constitutes on=20 earth the seed and beginning of this salvific Kingdom.

151. In what way is the Church a mystery?

770-773
779

The Church is a mystery in as much as in her visible reality = there is=20 present and active a divine spiritual reality which can only be = seen with=20 the eyes of faith.

152. What does it mean to say that the Church is the = universal=20 sacrament of salvation?

774-776
780

This means that she is the sign and instrument both of the=20 reconciliation and communion of all of humanity with God and of = the unity=20 of the entire human race.

The Church: = people of=20 God,
body of Christ, temple of the Spirit

153. Why is the Church the =91people of God=92?

781
802-804

The Church is the =91people of God=92 because it pleased God to = sanctify=20 and save men not in isolation but by making them into one people = gathered=20 together by the unity of the Father and the Son and the Holy = Spirit.

154. What are the characteristics of the people of = God?

782
804

One becomes a member of this people through faith in Christ and = Baptism. This people has for its origin God the Father; for = its=20 head Jesus Christ; for its hallmark the dignity and = freedom=20 of the sons of God; for its law the new commandment of = love; for=20 its mission to be the salt of the earth and the light of = the world;=20 and for its destiny the Kingdom of God, already begun on = earth.

155. In what way does the people of God share in the three = functions=20 of Christ as Priest, Prophet and King?

783-786

The people of God participate in Christ's priestly = office=20 insofar as the baptized are consecrated by the Holy Spirit to = offer=20 spiritual sacrifices. They share in Christ=92s prophetic = office when=20 with a supernatural sense of faith they adhere unfailingly to that = faith=20 and deepen their understanding and witness to it. The people of = God share=20 in his kingly office by means of service, imitating Jesus = Christ=20 who as King of the universe made himself the servant of all, = especially=20 the poor and the suffering.

156. In what way is the Church the body of Christ?

787-791
805-806

The risen Christ unites his faithful people to himself in an = intimate=20 way by means of the Holy Spirit. In this way, those who believe in = Christ,=20 in as much as they are close to him especially in the Eucharist, = are=20 united among themselves in charity. They form one body, the = Church, whose=20 unity is experienced in the diversity of its members and its=20 functions.

157. Who is the Head of this body?

792-795
807

Christ =93is the Head of the body, the Church=94 = (Colossians 1:18).=20 The Church lives from him, in him and for him. Christ and the = Church make=20 up the =93whole Christ=94 (Saint Augustine); =93Head and members = form, as it=20 were, one and the same mystical person=94 (Saint Thomas Aquinas). =

158. Why is the Church called the =93Bride of = Christ=94?

796
808

She is called the =93Bride of Christ=94 because the Lord = himself called=20 himself her =93Spouse=94 (Mark 2:19). The Lord has loved = the Church and=20 has joined her to himself in an everlasting covenant. He has given = himself=20 up for her in order to purify her with his blood and =93sanctify = her=94=20 (Ephesians 5:26), making her the fruitful mother of all the = children of God. While the term =93body=94 expresses the unity of = the =93head=94=20 with the members, the term =93bride=94 emphasizes the distinction = of the two=20 in their personal relationship.

159. Why is the Church called the temple of the Holy = Spirit?

797-798
809-810

She is so called because the Holy Spirit resides in the body = which is=20 the Church, in her Head and in her members. He also builds up the = Church=20 in charity by the Word of God, the sacraments, the virtues, and=20 charisms.

=93What the soul is to the human = body, the Holy=20 Spirit is to the members of Christ, that is, the body of Christ, = which=20 is the Church.=94 (Saint Augustine)

160. What are charisms?

799-801

Charisms are special gifts of the Holy Spirit which are = bestowed on=20 individuals for the good of others, the needs of the world, and in = particular for the building up of the Church. The discernment of = charisms=20 is the responsibility of the Magisterium.

The Church = is one, holy,=20 catholic, and apostolic

161. Why is the Church one?

813-815
866

The Church is one because she has as her source and exemplar = the unity=20 of the Trinity of Persons in one God. As her Founder and Head, = Jesus=20 Christ re-established the unity of all people in one body. As her = soul,=20 the Holy Spirit unites all the faithful in communion with Christ. = The=20 Church has but one faith, one sacramental life, one apostolic = succession,=20 one common hope, and one and the same charity.

162. Where does the one Church of Christ subsist?

816
870

The one Church of Christ, as a society constituted and = organized in the=20 world, subsists in (subsistit in) the Catholic Church, = governed by=20 the Successor of Peter and the bishops in communion with him. Only = through=20 this Church can one obtain the fullness of the means of salvation = since=20 the Lord has entrusted all the blessings of the New Covenant to = the=20 apostolic college alone whose head is Peter.

163. How are non-Catholic Christians to be = considered?

817-819
870

In the churches and ecclesial communities which are separated = from full=20 communion with the Catholic Church, many elements of = sanctification and=20 truth can be found. All of these blessings come from Christ and = lead to=20 Catholic unity. Members of these churches and communities are = incorporated=20 into Christ by Baptism and we so we recognize them as = brothers.

164. How does one commit oneself to work for the unity of=20 Christians?

820-822
866

The desire to restore the unity of all Christians is a gift = from Christ=20 and a call of the Spirit. This desire involves the entire Church = and it is=20 pursued by conversion of heart, prayer, fraternal knowledge of = each other=20 and theological dialogue.

165. In what way is the Church holy?

823-829
867

The Church is holy insofar as the Most Holy God is her author. = Christ=20 has given himself for her to sanctify her and make her a source of = sanctification. The Holy Spirit gives her life with charity. In = the Church=20 one finds the fullness of the means of salvation. Holiness is the = vocation=20 of each of her members and the purpose of all her activities. The = Church=20 counts among her members the Virgin Mary and numerous Saints who = are her=20 models and intercessors. The holiness of the Church is the = fountain of=20 sanctification for her children who here on earth recognize = themselves as=20 sinners ever in need of conversion and purification.

166. Why is the Church called =93Catholic=94?

830-831
868

The Church is catholic, that is universal, = insofar as=20 Christ is present in her: =93Where there is Christ Jesus, there is = the=20 Catholic Church=94 (Saint Ignatius of Antioch). The Church = proclaims the=20 fullness and the totality of the faith; she bears and administers = the=20 fullness of the means of salvation; she is sent out by Christ on a = mission=20 to the whole of the human race.

167. Is the particular Church catholic?

832-835

Every particular Church (that is, a diocese or=20 eparchy) is catholic. It is formed by a community of = Christians who=20 are in communion of faith and of the sacraments both with their = Bishop,=20 who is ordained in apostolic succession, and with the Church of = Rome which=20 =93presides in charity=94 (Saint Ignatius of Antioch).

168. Who belongs to the Catholic Church?

836-838

All human beings in various ways belong to or are ordered to = the=20 Catholic unity of the people of God. Fully incorporated into the = Catholic=20 Church are those who, possessing the Spirit of Christ, are joined = to the=20 Church by the bonds of the profession of faith, the sacraments,=20 ecclesiastical government and communion. The baptized who do not = enjoy=20 full Catholic unity are in a certain, although imperfect, = communion with=20 the Catholic Church.

169. What is the relationship of the Catholic Church with = the Jewish=20 people?

839-840

The Catholic Church recognizes a particular link with the = Jewish people=20 in the fact that God chose them before all others to receive his = Word. To=20 the Jewish people belong =93the sonship, the glory, the covenants, = the=20 giving of the law, the worship, the promises, and the patriarchs; = and of=20 their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ=94 (Romans 9:4, = 5). The=20 Jewish faith, unlike other non-Christian religions, is already a = response=20 to the revelation of God in the Old Covenant.

170. What is the bond that exists between the Catholic = Church and=20 non-Christian religions?

841-845

There is a bond between all peoples which comes especially from = the=20 common origin and end of the entire human race. The Catholic = Church=20 recognizes that whatever is good or true in other religions comes = from God=20 and is a reflection of his truth. As such it can prepare for the=20 acceptance of the Gospel and act as a stimulus toward the unity of = humanity in the Church of Christ.

171. What is the meaning of the affirmation =93Outside the = Church=20 there is no salvation=94?

846-848

This means that all salvation comes from Christ, the Head, = through the=20 Church which is his body. Hence they cannot be saved who, knowing = the=20 Church as founded by Christ and necessary for salvation, would = refuse to=20 enter her or remain in her. At the same time, thanks to Christ and = to his=20 Church, those who through no fault of their own do not know the = Gospel of=20 Christ and his Church but sincerely seek God and, moved by grace, = try to=20 do his will as it is known through the dictates of conscience can = attain=20 eternal salvation.

172. Why must the Church proclaim the Gospel to the whole=20 world?

849-851

The Church must do so because Christ has given the command: = =93Go=20 therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the = name of=20 the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit=94 = (Matthew 28:19).=20 This missionary mandate of the Lord has its origin in the eternal = love of=20 God who has sent his Son and the Holy Spirit because =93he desires = all men=20 to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth=94 (1 = Timothy=20 2:4).

173. In what sense is the Church missionary?

852-856

The Church, guided by the Holy Spirit, continues the mission of = Christ=20 himself in the course of history. Christians must, therefore, = proclaim to=20 everyone the Good News borne by Christ; and, following his path, = they must=20 be ready for self-sacrifice, even unto martyrdom.

174. Why is the Church apostolic?

857
869

The Church is apostolic in her origin because she has = been built=20 on =93the foundation of the Apostles=94 (Ephesians 2:20). = She is=20 apostolic in her teaching which is the same as that of the=20 Apostles. She is apostolic by reason of her structure = insofar as=20 she is taught, sanctified, and guided until Christ returns by the = Apostles=20 through their successors who are the bishops in communion with the = successor of Peter.

175. In what does the mission of the Apostles = consist?

858-861

The Word =93Apostle=94 means =93one who is sent=94. = Jesus, the One sent=20 by the Father, called to himself twelve of his disciples and = appointed=20 them as his Apostles, making them the chosen witnesses of his = Resurrection=20 and the foundation of his Church. He gave them the command to = continue his=20 own mission saying, =93As the Father has sent me, so I also send = you=94=20 (John 20:21); and he promised to remain with them until the = end of=20 the world.

176. What is apostolic succession?

861-865

Apostolic succession is the transmission by means of the = sacrament of=20 Holy Orders of the mission and power of the Apostles to their = successors,=20 the bishops. Thanks to this transmission the Church remains in = communion=20 of faith and life with her origin, while through the centuries she = carries=20 on her apostolate for the spread of the Kingdom of Christ on = earth.

The = Faithful: hierarchy,=20 laity, consecrated life

177. Who are the faithful?

871-872

The Christian faithful are those who, inasmuch as they have = been=20 incorporated in Christ through Baptism, have been constituted as = the=20 people of God; for this reason, since they have become sharers in = Christ=92s=20 priestly, prophetic and royal office in their own manner, they are = called=20 to exercise the mission which God has entrusted to the Church. = There=20 exists a true equality among them in their dignity as children of = God.=20

178. How are the people of God formed?

873
934

Among the faithful by divine institution there exist = sacred=20 ministers who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders and = who form=20 the hierarchy of the Church. The other members of the Church are = called=20 the laity. In both the hierarchy and the laity there are = certain of=20 the faithful who are consecrated in a special manner to God = by the=20 profession of the evangelical counsels: chastity or celibacy, = poverty, and=20 obedience.

179. Why did Christ institute an ecclesiastical = hierarchy?

874-876
935

Christ instituted an ecclesiastical hierarchy with the mission = of=20 feeding the people of God in his name and for this purpose gave it = authority. The hierarchy is formed of sacred ministers,; bishops, = priests,=20 and deacons. Thanks to the sacrament of Orders, bishops and = priests act in=20 the exercise of their ministry in the name and person of Christ = the Head.=20 Deacons minister to the people of God in the diakonia = (service) of=20 word, liturgy, and charity.

180. How is the collegial dimension of Church ministry = carried=20 out?

876-877

After the example of the twelve Apostles who were chosen and = sent out=20 together by Christ, the unity of the Church=92s hierarchy is at = the service=20 of the communion of all the faithful. Every bishop exercises his = ministry=20 as a member of the episcopal college in communion with the Pope = and shares=20 with him in the care of the universal Church. Priests exercise = their=20 ministry in the presbyterate of the local Church in communion with = their=20 own bishop and under his direction.

181. Why does ecclesial ministry also have a personal=20 character?

878-879

Ecclesial ministry also has a personal character in as much as = each=20 minister, in virtue of the sacrament of Holy Orders, is = responsible before=20 Christ who called him personally and conferred on him his mission. =

182. What is the mission of the Pope?

880-882
936-937

The Pope, Bishop of Rome and the Successor of Saint Peter, is = the=20 perpetual, visible source and foundation of the unity of the = Church. He is=20 the vicar of Christ, the head of the College of bishops and pastor = of the=20 universal Church over which he has by divine institution full, = supreme,=20 immediate, and universal power.

183. What is the competence of the college of = bishops?

883-885

The college of bishops in union with the Pope, and never = without him,=20 also exercises supreme and full authority over the Church.

184. How do the bishops carry out their mission of = teaching?

888-890
939

Since they are authentic witnesses of the apostolic faith and = are=20 invested with the authority of Christ, the bishops in union with = the Pope=20 have the duty of proclaiming the Gospel faithfully and = authoritatively to=20 all. By means of a supernatural sense of faith, the people of God=20 unfailingly adhere to the faith under the guidance of the living=20 Magisterium of the Church.

185. When is the infallibility of the Magisterium = exercised?

890-891

Infallibility is exercised when the Roman Pontiff, in virtue of = his=20 office as the Supreme Pastor of the Church, or the College of = Bishops, in=20 union with the Pope especially when joined together in an = Ecumenical=20 Council, proclaim by a definitive act a doctrine pertaining to = faith or=20 morals. Infallibility is also exercised when the Pope and Bishops = in their=20 ordinary Magisterium are in agreement in proposing a doctrine as=20 definitive. Every one of the faithful must adhere to such teaching = with=20 the obedience of faith.

186. How do Bishops exercise their ministry of=20 sanctification?

893

Bishops sanctify the Church by dispensing the grace of Christ = by their=20 ministry of the word and the sacraments, especially the Holy = Eucharist,=20 and also by their prayers, their example and their work.

187. How do the Bishops exercise their function of=20 governing?

894-896

Every bishop, insofar as he is a member of the college of = bishops,=20 bears collegially the care for all particular Churches and for the = entire=20 Church along with all the other bishops who are united to the = Pope. A=20 bishop to whom a particular Church has been entrusted governs that = Church=20 with the authority of his own sacred power which is ordinary and = immediate=20 and exercised in the name of Christ, the Good Shepherd, in = communion with=20 the entire Church and under the guidance of the Successor of = Peter.

188. What is the vocation of the lay faithful?

897-900
940

The lay faithful have as their own vocation to seek the Kingdom = of God=20 by illuminating and ordering temporal affairs according to the = plan of=20 God. They carry out in this way their call to holiness and to the=20 apostolate, a call given to all the baptized.

189. How do the lay faithful participate in the priestly = office of=20 Christ?

901-903

They participate in it especially in the Eucharist by offering = as a=20 spiritual sacrifice =93acceptable to God through Jesus Christ=94 = (1 Peter=20 2:5) their own lives with all of their works, their prayers, = their=20 apostolic undertakings, their family life, their daily work and = hardships=20 borne with patience and even their consolations of spirit and = body. In=20 this way, even the laity, dedicated to Christ and consecrated by = the Holy=20 Spirit, offer to God the world itself.

190. How does the laity participate in the prophetic = office?

904-907
942

They participate in it by welcoming evermore in faith the Word = of=20 Christ and proclaiming it to the world by the witness of their = lives,=20 their words, their evangelizing action, and by catechesis. This=20 evangelizing action acquires a particular efficacy because it is=20 accomplished in the ordinary circumstances of the world.

191. How do they participate in the kingly office?

908-913
943

The laity participate in the kingly function of Christ because = they=20 have received from him the power to overcome sin in themselves and = in the=20 world by self-denial and the holiness of their lives. They = exercise=20 various ministries at the service of the community and they imbue = temporal=20 activities and the institutions of society with moral values.

192. What is the consecrated life?

914-916
944

The consecrated life is a state of life recognized by the = Church. It is=20 a free response to a special call from Christ by which those = consecrated=20 give themselves completely to God and strive for the perfection of = charity=20 moved by the Holy Spirit. This consecration is characterized by = the=20 practice of the evangelical counsels.

193. What can the consecrated life give to the mission of = the=20 Church?

931-933
945

The consecrated life participates in the mission of the Church = by means=20 of a complete dedication to Christ and to one=92s brothers and = sisters=20 witnessing to the hope of the heavenly Kingdom.

I believe = in the=20 communion of saints

194. What is the meaning of the =93communion of = saints=94?

946-953
960

This expression indicates first of all the common sharing of = all the=20 members of the Church in holy things (sancta): the faith, = the=20 sacraments, especially the Eucharist, the charisms, and the other=20 spiritual gifts. At the root of this communion is love which = =93does not=20 seek its own interests=94 (1 Corinthians 13:5) but leads = the faithful=20 to =93hold everything in common=94 (Acts 4:32), even to put = one=92s own=20 material goods at the service of the most poor.

195. What else does =93the communion of saints=94 = mean?

954-959
961-962

This expression also refers to the communion between holy = persons=20 (sancti); that is, between those who by grace are united to = the=20 dead and risen Christ. Some are pilgrims on the earth; others, = having=20 passed from this life, are undergoing purification and are helped = also by=20 our prayers. Others already enjoy the glory of God and intercede = for us.=20 All of these together form in Christ one family, the Church, to = the praise=20 and glory of the Trinity.

Mary, = Mother of Christ,=20 Mother of the Church

196. In what sense is the Blessed Virgin Mary the Mother of = the=20 Church?

963-964
973

The Blessed Virgin Mary is the Mother of the Church in the = order of=20 grace because she gave birth to Jesus, the Son of God, the Head of = the=20 body which is the Church. When he was dying on the cross Jesus = gave his=20 mother to his disciple with the words, =93Behold your mother=94 = (John=20 19:27).

197. How does the Virgin Mary help the Church?

965-970
974-975

After the Ascension of her Son, the Virgin Mary aided the = beginnings of=20 the Church with her prayers. Even after her Assumption into = heaven, she=20 continues to intercede for her children, to be a model of faith = and=20 charity for all, and to exercise over them a salutary influence = deriving=20 from the superabundant merits of Christ. The faithful see in Mary = an image=20 and an anticipation of the resurrection that awaits them and they = invoke=20 her as advocate, helper, benefactress and mediatrix.

198. What kind of devotion is directed to the holy = Virgin?

971

It is a singular kind of devotion which differs essentially = from the=20 cult of adoration given only to the Most Holy Trinity. This = special=20 veneration directed to Mary finds particular expression in the = liturgical=20 feasts dedicated to the Mother of God and in Marian prayers such = as the=20 holy Rosary which is a compendium of the whole Gospel.

199. In what way is the Blessed Virgin Mary the = eschatological icon=20 of the Church?

972

Looking upon Mary, who is completely holy and already glorified = in body=20 and soul, the Church contemplates in her what she herself is = called to be=20 on earth and what she will be in the homeland of heaven.

=93I BELIEVE IN THE = FORGIVENESS OF=20 SINS=94

200. How are sins remitted?

976-980
984-985

The first and chief sacrament for the forgiveness of sins is = Baptism.=20 For those sins committed after Baptism, Christ instituted the = sacrament of=20 Reconciliation or Penance through which a baptized person is = reconciled=20 with God and with the Church.

201. Why does the Church have the power to forgive = sins?

981-983
986-987

The Church has the mission and the power to forgive sins = because Christ=20 himself has conferred it upon her: =93Receive the Holy Spirit, if = you=20 forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven; if you retain the sins = of any,=20 they are retained=94 (John 20:22-23).

=93I BELIEVE IN THE = RESURRECTION OF=20 THE BODY=94

202. What is the meaning of the term =93body=94 (or = =93flesh=94) and=20 what importance does it have?

990
1015

The resurrection of the flesh is the literal formulation = in the=20 Apostles Creed for the resurrection of the body. The term = =93flesh=94 refers=20 to humanity in its state of weakness and mortality. =93The flesh = is the=20 hinge of salvation=94 (Tertullian). We believe in God the Creator = of the=20 flesh; we believe in the Word made flesh in order to redeem flesh; = and we=20 believe in the resurrection of flesh which is the fulfillment of = both the=20 creation and the redemption of the flesh.

203. What is meant by the =93resurrection of the body=94? =

990

This means that the definitive state of man will not be one in = which=20 his spiritual soul is separated from his body. Even our mortal = bodies will=20 one day come to life again.

204. What is the relationship between the Resurrection of = Christ and=20 our resurrection?

998
1002-1003

Just as Christ is truly risen from the dead and now lives = forever, so=20 he himself will raise everyone on the last day with an = incorruptible body:=20 =93Those who have done good will rise to the resurrection of life = and those=20 who have done evil to the resurrection of condemnation=94 = (John=20 5:29).

205. What happens to our body and our soul after = death?

992-1004
1016-1018

After death, which is the separation of the body and the soul, = the body=20 becomes corrupt while the soul, which is immortal, goes to meet = the=20 judgment of God and awaits its reunion with the body when it will = rise=20 transformed at the time of the return of the Lord. How the=20 resurrection of the body will come about exceeds the possibilities = of our=20 imagination and understanding.

206. What does it mean to die in Christ Jesus?

1005-1014
1019

Dying in Christ Jesus means to die in the state of God's grace = without=20 any mortal sin. A believer in Christ, following his example, is = thus able=20 to transform his own death into an act of obedience and love for = the=20 Father. =93This saying is sure: if we have died with him, we will = also live=20 with him=94 (2 Timothy 2:11).

=93I BELIEVE IN LIFE=20 EVERLASTING=94

207. What is life everlasting?

1020
1051

Eternal life is that life which begins immediately after death. = It will=20 have no end. It will be preceded for each person by a particular = judgment=20 at the hands of Christ who is the Judge of the living and the = dead. This=20 particular judgement will be confirmed in the final judgment.

208. What is the particular judgment?

1021-1022
1051

It is the judgment of immediate retribution which each one = after death=20 will receive from God in his immortal soul in accord with his = faith and=20 his works. This retribution consists in entrance into the = happiness of=20 heaven, immediately or after an appropriate purification, or entry = into=20 the eternal damnation of hell.

209. What is meant by the term =93heaven=94?

1023-1026
1053

By =93heaven=94 is meant the state of supreme and definitive = happiness.=20 Those who die in the grace of God and have no need of further = purification=20 are gathered around Jesus and Mary, the angels and the saints. = They thus=20 form the Church of heaven, where they see God =93face to face=94 = (1=20 Corinthians 13:12). They live in a communion of love with the = Most=20 Blessed Trinity and they intercede for us.

=93True and subsistent life consists = in this:=20 the Father, through the Son and in the Holy Spirit, pouring out = his=20 heavenly gifts on all things without exception. Thanks to his = mercy, we=20 too, men that we are, have received the inalienable promise of = eternal=20 life.=94 (Saint Cyril of Jerusalem)

210. What is purgatory?

1030-1031
1054

Purgatory is the state of those who die in God=92s friendship, = assured of=20 their eternal salvation, but who still have need of purification = to enter=20 into the happiness of heaven.

211. How can we help the souls being purified in = purgatory?

1032

Because of the communion of saints, the faithful who are still = pilgrims=20 on earth are able to help the souls in purgatory by offering = prayers in=20 suffrage for them, especially the Eucharistic sacrifice. They also = help=20 them by almsgiving, indulgences, and works of penance.

212. In what does hell consist?

1033-1035
1056-1057

Hell consists in the eternal damnation of those who die in = mortal sin=20 through their own free choice. The principal suffering of hell is = eternal=20 separation from God in whom alone we can have the life and = happiness for=20 which we were created and for which we long. Christ proclaimed = this=20 reality with the words, =93Depart from me, you cursed, into the = eternal=20 fire=94 (Matthew 25:41).

213. How can one reconcile the existence of hell with the = infinite=20 goodness of God?

1036-1037

God, while desiring =93all to come to repentance=94 (2 = Peter 3:9),=20 nevertheless has created the human person to be free and = responsible; and=20 he respects our decisions. Therefore, it is the human person who = freely=20 excludes himself from communion with God if at the moment of death = he=20 persists in mortal sin and refuses the merciful love of God.

214. In what does the final judgment consist?

1038-1041
1058-1059

The final or universal judgment consists in a sentence of = happiness or=20 eternal condemnation, which the Lord Jesus will issue in regard to = the=20 =93just and the unjust=94 (Acts 24:15) when he returns as = the Judge of=20 the living and the dead. After the last judgment, the resurrected = body=20 will share in the retribution which the soul received at the = particular=20 judgment.

215. When will this judgment occur?

1040

This judgment will come at the end of the world and only God = knows the=20 day and the hour.

216. What is the hope of the new heavens and the new = earth?

1042-1050
1060

After the final judgment the universe itself, freed from its = bondage to=20 decay, will share in the glory of Christ with the beginning of = =93the new=20 heavens=94 and a =93new earth=94 (2 Peter 3:13). Thus, the = fullness of=20 the Kingdom of God will come about, that is to say, the definitive = realization of the salvific plan of God to =93unite all things in = Christ,=20 things in heaven and things on earth=94 (Ephesians 1:10). = God will=20 then be =93all in all=94 (1 Corinthians 15:28) in eternal = life.

=93Amen=94

217. What is the meaning of the word =93Amen=94 with = which we=20 conclude our profession of faith?

1061-1065

The Hebrew word =93Amen=94, which also concludes the = last book of=20 Sacred Scripture, some of the prayers of the New Testament, and = the=20 liturgical prayers of the Church, expresses our confident and = total =93yes=94=20 to what we professed in the Creed, entrusting ourselves completely = to him=20 who is the definitive =93Amen=94 (Revelation 3:14), = Christ the=20 Lord.

Part = Two

The=20 Celebration of the Christian Mystery

Section One
The Sacramental=20 Economy

218. What is the liturgy?

1066-1070

The liturgy is the celebration of the mystery of Christ and in=20 particular his paschal mystery. Through the exercise of the = priestly=20 office of Jesus Christ the liturgy manifests in signs and brings = about the=20 sanctification of humankind.

The public worship which is due to God is offered by the = Mystical Body=20 of Christ, that is, by its head and by its members.

219. What place does the liturgy occupy in the life of the=20 Church?

1071-1075

The liturgy as the sacred action par excellence is the = summit=20 toward which the activity of the Church is directed and it is = likewise the=20 font from which all her power flows. Through the liturgy Christ = continues=20 the work of our redemption in, with and through his Church.

220. In what does the sacramental economy consist?

1076

The sacramental economy consists in the communication of the = fruits of=20 Christ=92s redemption through the celebration of the sacraments of = the=20 Church, most especially that of the Eucharist, =93until he = comes=94 (1=20 Corinthians 11:26).

CHAPTER = ONE

The Paschal = Mystery in=20 the Age of the Church

THE LITURGY - WORK OF = THE MOST HOLY=20 TRINITY

221. In what way is the Father the source and the goal of = the=20 liturgy?

1077-1083
1110

Through the liturgy the Father fills us with his blessings = in the=20 Word made flesh who died and rose for us and pours into our hearts = the=20 Holy Spirit. At the same time, the Church blesses the Father by = her=20 worship, praise, and thanksgiving and begs him for the gift of his = Son and=20 the Holy Spirit.

222. What is the work of Christ in the liturgy?

1084-1090

In the liturgy of the Church, it is his own paschal mystery = that Christ=20 signifies and makes present. By giving the Holy Spirit to his = apostles he=20 entrusted to them and their successors the power to make present = the work=20 of salvation through the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments, = in=20 which he himself acts to communicate his grace to the faithful of = all=20 times and places throughout the world.

223. How does the Holy Spirit work in the liturgy of the=20 Church?

1091-1109
1112

The very closest cooperation is at work in the liturgy between = the Holy=20 Spirit and the Church. The Holy Spirit prepares the Church to = encounter=20 her Lord. He recalls and manifests Christ to the faith of the = assembly. He=20 makes the mystery of Christ really present. He unites the Church = to the=20 life and mission of Christ and makes the gift of communion bear = fruit in=20 the Church.

THE PASCHAL MYSTERY IN = THE=20 SACRAMENTS OF THE CHURCH

224. What are the sacraments and which are they?

1113-1131

The sacraments, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the = Church, are=20 efficacious signs of grace perceptible to the senses . Through = them divine=20 life is bestowed upon us. There are seven sacraments: Baptism,=20 Confirmation, Holy Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy = Orders,=20 and Matrimony.

225. What is the relationship of the sacraments to = Christ?

1114-1116

The mysteries of Christ=92s life are the foundations of what he = would=20 henceforth dispense in the sacraments, through the ministers of = his=20 Church.

=93What was visible in our Savior = has passed=20 over into his mysteries.=94 (Saint Leo the=20 Great)

226. What is the link between the sacraments and the = Church?

1117-1119

Christ has entrusted the sacraments to his Church. They are the = sacraments =93of the Church=94 in a twofold sense: they are = =93from her=94 insofar=20 as they are actions of the Church which is the sacrament of = Christ=92s=20 action; and they are =93for her=94 in as much as they build up the = Church.

227. What is the sacramental character?

1121

It is a spiritual =93seal=94 bestowed by the sacraments = of Baptism,=20 Confirmation, and Holy Orders. It is a promise and guarantee of = divine=20 protection. By virtue of this seal the Christian is configured to = Christ,=20 participates in a variety of ways in his priesthood and takes his = part in=20 the Church according to different states and functions. He is, = therefore,=20 set apart for divine worship and the service of the Church. = Because this=20 character is indelible the sacraments that impress it on the soul = are=20 received only once in life.

228. What is the relationship between the sacraments and=20 faith?

1122-1126
1133

The sacraments not only presuppose faith but with words and = ritual=20 elements they nourish, strengthen, and express it. By celebrating = the=20 sacraments, the Church professes the faith that comes from the = apostles.=20 This explains the origin of the ancient saying, =93lex orandi, = lex=20 credendi,=94 that is, the Church believes as she = prays.

229. Why are the sacraments efficacious?

1127-1128
1131

The sacraments are efficacious ex opere operato (=93by = the very=20 fact that the sacramental action is performed=94) because it is = Christ who=20 acts in the sacraments and communicates the grace they signify. = The=20 efficacy of the sacraments does not depend upon the personal = holiness of=20 the minister. However, the fruits of the sacraments do depend on = the=20 dispositions of the one who receives them.

230. For what reason are the sacraments necessary for=20 salvation?

1129

For believers in Christ the sacraments, even if they are not = all given=20 to each of the faithful, are necessary for salvation because they = confer=20 sacramental grace, forgiveness of sins, adoption as children of = God,=20 conformation to Christ the Lord and membership in the Church. The = Holy=20 Spirit heals and transforms those who receive the sacraments.

231. What is sacramental grace?

1129, 1131
1134, 2003

Sacramental grace is the grace of the Holy Spirit which is = given by=20 Christ and is proper to each sacrament. This grace helps the = faithful in=20 their journey toward holiness and so assists the Church as well to = grow in=20 charity and in her witness to the world.

232. What is the relationship between the sacraments and = everlasting=20 life?

1130

In the sacraments the Church already receives a foretaste of = eternal=20 life, while =93awaiting in blessed hope, the appearing in glory of = our great=20 God and saviour Christ Jesus=94 (Titus 2:13).

CHAPTER = TWO

The = Sacramental=20 Celebration of the Paschal Mystery

CELEBRATING THE LITURGY = OF THE=20 CHURCH

Who=20 celebrates?

233. Who acts in the liturgy?

1135-1137
1187

In the liturgy it is the whole Christ (Christus = Totus)=20 who acts, Head and Body. As our High Priest he celebrates with his = body,=20 which is the Church in heaven and on earth.

234. Who celebrates the heavenly liturgy?

1138-1139

The heavenly liturgy is celebrated by the angels, by the saints = of the=20 Old and New Testament, particularly the Mother of God, by the = Apostles, by=20 the martyrs, and by the =93great multitude which no one could = number from=20 every nation, race, people, and tongue.=94 (Revelation = 7:9). When we=20 celebrate the mystery of our salvation in the sacraments we = participate in=20 this eternal liturgy.

235. How does the Church on earth celebrate the = liturgy?

1140-1144
1188

The Church on earth celebrates the liturgy as a priestly people = in=20 which each one acts according to his proper function in the unity = of the=20 Holy Spirit. The baptized offer themselves in a spiritual = sacrifice; the=20 ordained ministers celebrate according to the Order they received = for the=20 service of all the members of the Church; the bishops and priests = act in=20 the Person of Christ the Head.

How is the = liturgy=20 celebrated?

236. How is the liturgy celebrated?

1145

The celebration of the liturgy is interwoven with signs and = symbols=20 whose meaning is rooted in creation and in human culture. It is = determined=20 by the events of the Old Testament and is fully revealed in the = Person and=20 work of Christ.

237. From where do the sacramental signs come?

1146-1152
1189

Some come from created things (light, water, fire, bread, wine, = oil);=20 others come from social life (washing, anointing, breaking of = bread).=20 Still others come from the history of salvation in the Old = Covenant (the=20 Passover rites, the sacrifices, the laying on of hands, the=20 consecrations). These signs, some of which are normative and = unchangeable,=20 were taken up by Christ and are made the bearers of his saving and = sanctifying action.

238. What is the link between the actions and the words in = the=20 celebration of the sacraments?

1153-1155
1190

Actions and words are very closely linked in the celebration of = the=20 sacraments. Indeed, even if the symbolic actions are already in = themselves=20 a language, it is necessary that the words of the rite accompany = and give=20 life to these actions. The liturgical words and actions are = inseparable=20 both insofar as they are meaningful signs and insofar as they = bring about=20 what they signify.

239. What are the criteria for the proper use of singing and = music=20 in liturgical celebrations?

1156-1158
1191

Since song and music are closely connected with liturgical = action they=20 must respect the following criteria. They should conform to = Catholic=20 doctrine in their texts, drawn preferably from Sacred Scripture = and=20 liturgical sources. They should be a beautiful expression of = prayer. The=20 music should be of a high quality. Song and music should encourage = the=20 participation of the liturgical assembly. They should express the = cultural=20 richness of the People of God and the sacred and solemn character = of the=20 celebration. =93He who sings, prays twice=94 (Saint = Augustine).

240. What is the purpose of holy images?

1159-1161
1192

The image of Christ is the liturgical icon par = excellence. Other=20 images, representations of Our Lady and of the Saints, signify = Christ who=20 is glorified in them. They proclaim the same Gospel message that = Sacred=20 Scripture communicates by the word and they help to awaken and = nourish the=20 faith of believers.

When is the = liturgy=20 celebrated?

241. What is the center of the liturgical season?

1163-1167
1193

The center of the liturgical season is Sunday which is the = foundation=20 and kernel of the entire liturgical year and has its culmination = in the=20 annual celebration of Easter, the feast of feasts.

242. What is the function of the liturgical year?

1168-1173
1194-1195

In the liturgical year the Church celebrates the whole mystery = of=20 Christ from his Incarnation to his return in glory. On set days = the Church=20 venerates with special love the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Mother of = God.=20 The Church also keeps the memorials of saints who lived for = Christ, who=20 suffered with him, and who live with him in glory.

243. What is the Liturgy of the Hours?

1174-1178
1196

The Liturgy of the Hours, which is the public and common prayer = of the=20 Church, is the prayer of Christ with his body, the Church. Through = the=20 Liturgy of the Hours the mystery of Christ, which we celebrate in = the=20 Eucharist, sanctifies and transforms the whole of each day. It is = composed=20 mainly of psalms, other biblical texts, and readings from the = Fathers and=20 spiritual masters.

Where is = the liturgy=20 celebrated?

244. Does the Church need places in order to celebrate the=20 liturgy?

1179-1181
1197-1198

The worship =93in spirit and truth=94 (John 4:24) of the = New=20 Covenant is not tied exclusively to any place because Christ is = the true=20 temple of God. Through him Christians and the whole Church become = temples=20 of the living God by the action of the Holy Spirit. Nonetheless, = the=20 people of God in their earthly condition need places in which the=20 community can gather to celebrate the liturgy.

245. What are sacred buildings?

1181
1198-1199

They are the houses of God, a symbol of the Church that lives = in that=20 place as well as of the heavenly Jerusalem. Above all they are = places of=20 prayer in which the Church celebrates the Eucharist and worships = Christ=20 who is truly present in the tabernacle.

246. What are the privileged places inside sacred = buildings?

1182-1186

They are: the altar, the tabernacle, the place where the sacred = Chrism=20 and other holy oils are kept, the chair of the bishop (cathedra) = or the=20 chair of the priest, the ambo, the baptismal font, and the=20 confessional.

LITURGICAL DIVERSITY = AND THE UNITY=20 OF THE MYSTERY

247. Why is the one Mystery of Christ celebrated by the = Church=20 according to various liturgical traditions?

1200-1204
1207-1209

The answer is that the unfathomable richness of the mystery of = Christ=20 cannot be exhausted by any single liturgical tradition. From the = very=20 beginning, therefore, this richness found expression among various = peoples=20 and cultures in ways that are characterized by a wonderful = diversity and=20 complementarity.

248. What is the criterion that assures unity in the midst = of=20 plurality?

1209

It is fidelity to the Apostolic Tradition, that is, the = communion in=20 the faith and in the sacraments received from the apostles, a = communion=20 that is both signified and guaranteed by apostolic succession. The = Church=20 is Catholic and therefore can integrate into her unity all the = authentic=20 riches of cultures.

249. Is everything immutable in the liturgy?

1205-1206

In the liturgy, particularly in that of the sacraments, there = are=20 unchangeable elements because they are of divine institution. The = Church=20 is the faithful guardian of them. There are also, however, = elements=20 subject to change which the Church has the power and on occasion = also the=20 duty to adapt to the cultures of diverse peoples.

Section = Two
The Seven Sacraments = of the=20 Church

The seven sacraments are:

Baptism
Confirmation
Holy = Eucharist
Penance
Anointing of=20 the Sick
Holy Orders
Matrimony

Septem Ecclesiae Sacramenta

Bapt=EDsmum
Confirm=E1tio
Euchar=EDstia, =
Paenit=E9ntia,
=DAnctio=20 infirm=F3rum
Ordo
Matrim=F3nium.

250. How are the sacraments of the Church divided?

1210-1211

The sacraments are divided into: the sacraments of Christian = initiation=20 (Baptism, Confirmation, and Holy Eucharist); the sacraments of = healing=20 (Penance and Anointing of the Sick);, and the sacraments at the = service of=20 communion and mission (Holy Orders and Matrimony). The sacraments = touch=20 all the important moments of Christian life. All of the sacraments = are=20 ordered to the Holy Eucharist =93as to their end=94 (Saint Thomas=20 Aquinas).

CHAPTER = ONE

The sacraments of = Christian=20 initiation

251. How is Christian initiation brought about?

1212
1275

Christian initiation is accomplished by means of the sacraments = which=20 establish the foundations of Christian life. The faithful = born anew=20 by Baptism are strengthened by Confirmation and are then nourished = by the=20 Eucharist.

THE SACRAMENT OF=20 BAPTISM

252. What names are given to the first sacrament of=20 initiation?

1213-1216
1276-1277

This sacrament is primarily called Baptism because = of the=20 central rite with which it is celebrated. To baptize means to = =93immerse=94 in=20 water. The one who is baptized is immersed into the death of = Christ and=20 rises with him as a =93new creature=94 (2 Corinthians = 5:17). This=20 sacrament is also called the =93bath of regeneration and renewal = in the Holy=20 Spirit=94 (Titus 3:5); and it is called =93enlightenment=94 = because the=20 baptized becomes =93a son of light=94 (Ephesians 5:8).

253. How is Baptism prefigured in the Old Covenant?

1217-1222

In the Old Covenant Baptism was pre-figured in various ways:=20 water, seen as source of life and of death; in the Ark = of=20 Noah, which saved by means of water; in the passing through = the Red=20 Sea, which liberated Israel from Egyptian slavery; in the = crossing=20 of the Jordan River, that brought Israel into the promised = land which=20 is the image of eternal life.

254. Who brought to fulfillment those = prefigurations?

1223-1224

All the Old Covenant prefigurations find their fulfillment in = Jesus=20 Christ. At the beginning of his public life Jesus had himself = baptized by=20 John the Baptist in the Jordan. On the cross, blood and water, = signs of=20 Baptism and the Eucharist, flowed from his pierced side. After his = Resurrection he gave to his apostles this mission: =93Go forth and = make=20 disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father = and of=20 the Son and of the Holy Spirit=94 (Matthew 28:19).

255. Starting when and to whom has the Church administered=20 Baptism?

1226-1228

From the day of Pentecost, the Church has administered Baptism = to=20 anyone who believes in Jesus Christ.

256. In what does the essential rite of Baptism consist? =

1229-1245
1278

The essential rite of this sacrament consists in immersing the=20 candidate in water or pouring water over his or her head while = invoking=20 the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.

257. Who can receive Baptism?

1246-1252

Every person not yet baptized is able to receive Baptism.

258. Why does the Church baptize infants?

1250

The Church baptizes infants because they are born with original = sin.=20 They need to be freed from the power of the Evil One and brought = into that=20 realm of freedom which belongs to the children of God.

259. What is required of one who is to be baptized?

1253-1255

Everyone who is to be baptized is required to make a profession = of=20 faith. This is done personally in the case of an adult or by the = parents=20 and by the Church in the case of infants. Also the godfather or = the=20 godmother and the whole ecclesial community share the = responsibility for=20 baptismal preparation (catechumenate) as well as for the = development and=20 safeguarding of the faith and grace given at baptism.

260. Who can baptize?

1256
1284

The ordinary ministers of Baptism are the bishop and the = priest. In the=20 Latin Church the deacon also can baptize. In case of necessity any = person=20 can baptize provided he has the intention of doing what the Church = does.=20 This is done by pouring water on the head of the candidate while = saying=20 the Trinitarian formula for Baptism: =93I baptize you in the name = of the=20 Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit=94.

261. Is Baptism necessary for salvation?

1257

Baptism is necessary for salvation for all those to whom the = Gospel has=20 been proclaimed and who have had the possibility of asking for = this=20 sacrament.

262. Is it possible to be saved without Baptism?

1258-1261
1281-1283

Since Christ died for the salvation of all, those can be saved = without=20 Baptism who die for the faith (Baptism of blood). = Catechumens and=20 all those who, even without knowing Christ and the Church, still = (under=20 the impulse of grace) sincerely seek God and strive to do his will = can=20 also be saved without Baptism (Baptism of desire). The = Church in=20 her liturgy entrusts children who die without Baptism to the mercy = of=20 God.

263. What are the effects of Baptism?

1262-1274
1279-1280

Baptism takes away original sin, all personal sins and all = punishment=20 due to sin. It makes the baptized person a participant in the = divine life=20 of the Trinity through sanctifying grace, the grace of = justification which=20 incorporates one into Christ and into his Church. It gives one a = share in=20 the priesthood of Christ and provides the basis for communion with = all=20 Christians. It bestows the theological virtues and the gifts of = the Holy=20 Spirit. A baptized person belongs forever to Christ. He is marked = with the=20 indelible seal of Christ (character).

264. What is the meaning of the Christian name received at=20 Baptism?

2156-2159
2167

The name is important because God knows each of us by name, = that is, in=20 our uniqueness as persons. In Baptism a Christian receives his or = her own=20 name in the Church. It should preferably be the name of a saint = who might=20 offer the baptized a model of sanctity and an assurance of his or = her=20 intercession before God.

THE SACRAMENT OF=20 CONFIRMATION

265. What place does Confirmation have in the divine plan of = salvation?

1285-1288
1315

In the Old Testament the prophets announced that the Spirit of = the Lord=20 would rest on the awaited Messiah and on the entire messianic = people. The=20 whole life and mission of Jesus were carried out in total = communion with=20 the Holy Spirit. The apostles received the Holy Spirit at = Pentecost and=20 proclaimed =93the great works of God=94 (Acts 2:11). They = gave the gift=20 of the same Spirit to the newly baptized by the laying on of = hands. Down=20 through the centuries, the Church has continued to live by the = Spirit and=20 to impart him to her children.

266. Why is this sacrament called Chrismation or=20 Confirmation?

1289

It is called Chrismation (in the Eastern Churches: = Anointing=20 with holy myron or chrism) because the essential rite of the = sacrament is=20 anointing with chrism. It is called Confirmation because it = confirms and strengthens baptismal grace.

267. What is the essential rite of Confirmation?

1290-1301
1318
1320-1321

The essential rite of Confirmation is the anointing with Sacred = Chrism=20 (oil mixed with balsam and consecrated by the bishop), which is = done by=20 the laying on of the hand of the minister who pronounces the = sacramental=20 words proper to the rite. In the West this anointing is done on = the=20 forehead of the baptized with the words, =93Be sealed with the = gift of the=20 Holy Spirit=94. In the Eastern Churches of the Byzantine rite this = anointing=20 is also done on other parts of the body with the words, =93The = seal of the=20 gift of the Holy Spirit=94.

268. What is the effect of Confirmation?

1302-1305
1316-1317

The effect of Confirmation is a special outpouring of the Holy = Spirit=20 like that of Pentecost. This outpouring impresses on the soul an = indelible=20 character and produces a growth in the grace of Baptism. It roots = the=20 recipient more deeply in divine sonship, binds him more firmly to = Christ=20 and to the Church and reinvigorates the gifts of the Holy Spirit = in his=20 soul. It gives a special strength to witness to the Christian = faith.

269. Who can receive this sacrament?

1306-1311
1319

Only those already baptized can and should receive this = sacrament which=20 can be received only once. To receive Confirmation efficaciously = the=20 candidate must be in the state of grace.

270. Who is the minister of Confirmation?

1312-1314

The original minister of Confirmation is the bishop. In this = way the=20 link between the confirmed and the Church in her apostolic = dimension is=20 made manifest. When a priest confers this sacrament, as ordinarily = happens=20 in the East and in special cases in the West, the link with the = bishop and=20 with the Church is expressed by the priest who is the collaborator = of the=20 bishop and by the Sacred Chrism, consecrated by the bishop = himself.

THE SACRAMENT OF THE=20 EUCHARIST

271. What is the Eucharist?

1322-1323
1409

The Eucharist is the very sacrifice of the Body and Blood of = the Lord=20 Jesus which he instituted to perpetuate the sacrifice of the cross = throughout the ages until his return in glory. Thus he entrusted = to his=20 Church this memorial of his death and Resurrection. It is a sign = of unity,=20 a bond of charity, a paschal banquet, in which Christ is consumed, = the=20 mind is filled with grace, and a pledge of future glory is given = to=20 us.

272. When did Jesus Christ institute the Eucharist?

1323
1337-1340

Jesus instituted the Eucharist on Holy Thursday =93the night on = which he=20 was betrayed=94 (1 Corinthians 11:23), as he celebrated the = Last=20 Supper with his apostles.

273. How did he institute the Eucharist?

1337-1340
1365, 1406

After he had gathered with his apostles in the Cenacle, Jesus = took=20 bread in his hands. He broke it and gave it to them saying, = =93Take this and=20 eat it, all of you; this is my Body which will be given up for = you=94. Then,=20 he took the cup of wine in his hands and said, =93Take this and = drink of=20 this, all of you. This is the cup of my Blood, the Blood of the = new and=20 everlasting covenant. It will be shed for you and for all so that = sins may=20 be forgive. Do this in memory of me=94.

274. What does the Eucharist represent in the life of the=20 Church?

1324-1327
1407

It is the source and summit of all Christian life. In the = Eucharist,=20 the sanctifying action of God in our regard and our worship of him = reach=20 their high point. It contains the whole spiritual good of the = Church,=20 Christ himself, our Pasch. Communion with divine life and the = unity of the=20 People of God are both expressed and effected by the Eucharist. = Through=20 the eucharistic celebration we are united already with the liturgy = of=20 heaven and we have a foretaste of eternal life.

275. What are the names for this sacrament?

1328-1332

The unfathomable richness of this sacrament is expressed in = different=20 names which evoke its various aspects. The most common names are: = the=20 Eucharist, Holy Mass, the Lord=92s Supper, the Breaking of the = Bread, the=20 Eucharistic Celebration, the Memorial of the passion, death and=20 Resurrection of the Lord, the Holy Sacrifice, the Holy and Divine = Liturgy,=20 the Sacred Mysteries, the Most Holy Sacrament of the Altar, and = Holy=20 Communion.

276. Where does the Eucharist fit in the divine plan of=20 salvation?

1333-1344

The Eucharist was foreshadowed in the Old Covenant above all in = the=20 annual Passover meal celebrated every year by the Jews with = unleavened=20 bread to commemorate their hasty, liberating departure from Egypt. = Jesus=20 foretold it in his teaching and he instituted it when he = celebrated the=20 Last Supper with his apostles in a Passover meal. The Church, = faithful to=20 the command of her Lord, =93Do this in memory of me=94 (1 = Corinthians=20 11:24), has always celebrated the Eucharist, especially on Sunday, = the day=20 of the Resurrection of Jesus.

277. How is the celebration of the Holy Eucharist carried=20 out?

1345-1355
1408

The Eucharist unfolds in two great parts which together form = one,=20 single act of worship. The Liturgy of the Word involves = proclaiming and=20 listening to the Word of God. The Liturgy of the Eucharist = includes the=20 presentation of the bread and wine, the prayer or the anaphora = containing=20 the words of consecration, and communion.

278. Who is the minister for the celebration of the=20 Eucharist?

1348
1411

The celebrant of the Eucharist is a validly ordained priest = (bishop or=20 priest) who acts in the Person of Christ the Head and in the name = of the=20 Church.

279. What are the essential and necessary elements for = celebrating=20 the Eucharist?

1412

The essential elements are wheat bread and grape wine.

280. In what way is the Eucharist a memorial of the = sacrifice=20 of Christ?

1362-1367

The Eucharist is a memorial in the sense that it makes = present=20 and actual the sacrifice which Christ offered to the Father on the = cross,=20 once and for all on behalf of mankind. The sacrificial character = of the=20 Holy Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution, = =93This is my=20 Body which is given for you=94 and =93This cup is the New Covenant = in my Blood=20 that will be shed for you=94 (Luke 22:19-20). The sacrifice of the = cross and=20 the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one and the same = sacrifice. The=20 priest and the victim are the same; only the manner of offering is = different: in a bloody manner on the cross, in an unbloody manner = in the=20 Eucharist.

281. In what way does the Church participate in the = eucharistic=20 sacrifice?

1368-1372
1414

In the Eucharist the sacrifice of Christ becomes also the = sacrifice of=20 the members of his Body. The lives of the faithful, their praise, = their=20 suffering, their prayers, their work, are united to those of = Christ. In as=20 much as it is a sacrifice, the Eucharist is likewise offered for = all the=20 faithful, living and dead, in reparation for the sins of all and = to obtain=20 spiritual and temporal benefits from God. The Church in heaven is = also=20 united to the offering of Christ.

282. How is Christ present in the Eucharist?

1373-1375
1413

Jesus Christ is present in the Eucharist in a unique and = incomparable=20 way. He is present in a true, real and substantial way, with his = Body and=20 his Blood, with his Soul and his Divinity. In the Eucharist, = therefore,=20 there is present in a sacramental way, that is, under the = Eucharistic=20 species of bread and wine, Christ whole and entire, God and = Man.

283. What is the meaning of = transubstantiation?

1376-1377
1413

Transubstantiation means the change of the whole = substance=20 of bread into the substance of the Body of Christ and of the whole = substance of wine into the substance of his Blood. This change is = brought=20 about in the eucharistic prayer through the efficacy of the word = of Christ=20 and by the action of the Holy Spirit. However, the outward = characteristics=20 of bread and wine, that is the =93eucharistic species=94, remain=20 unaltered.

284. Does the breaking of the bread divide Christ?

1377

The breaking of the bread does not divide Christ. He is present = whole=20 and entire in each of the eucharistic species and in each of their = parts.

285. How long does the presence of Christ last in the=20 Eucharist?

1377

The presence of Christ continues in the Eucharist as long as = the=20 eucharistic species subsist.

286. What kind of worship is due to the sacrament of the=20 Eucharist?

1378-1381
1418

The worship due to the sacrament of the Eucharist, whether = during the=20 celebration of the Mass or outside it, is the worship of = latria,=20 that is, the adoration given to God alone. The Church guards with = the=20 greatest care Hosts that have been consecrated. She brings them to = the=20 sick and to other persons who find it impossible to participate at = Mass.=20 She also presents them for the solemn adoration of the faithful = and she=20 bears them in processions. The Church encourages the faithful to = make=20 frequent visits to adore the Blessed Sacrament reserved in the=20 tabernacle.

287. Why is the Holy Eucharist the paschal banquet?

1382-1384
1391-1396

The Holy Eucharist is the paschal banquet in as much as Christ=20 sacramentally makes present his Passover and gives us his Body and = Blood,=20 offered as food and drink, uniting us to himself and to one = another in his=20 sacrifice.

288. What is the meaning of the altar?

1383
1410

The altar is the symbol of Christ himself who is present = both as=20 sacrificial victim (the altar of the sacrifice) and as food from = heaven=20 which is given to us (the table of the Lord).

289. When does the Church oblige her members to participate = at Holy=20 Mass?

1389
1417

The Church obliges the faithful to participate at Holy Mass = every=20 Sunday and on holy days of obligation. She recommends = participation at=20 Holy Mass on other days as well.

290. When must one receive Holy Communion?

1389

The Church recommends that the faithful, if they have the = required=20 dispositions, receive Holy Communion whenever they participate at = Holy=20 Mass. However, the Church obliges them to receive Holy Communion = at least=20 once a year during the Easter season.

291. What is required to receive Holy Communion?

1385-1389
1415

To receive Holy Communion one must be fully incorporated into = the=20 Catholic Church and be in the state of grace, that is, not = conscious of=20 being in mortal sin. Anyone who is conscious of having committed a = grave=20 sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before = going to=20 Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a = spirit=20 of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by = the=20 Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and = dress) as=20 a sign of respect for Christ.

292. What are the fruits of Holy Communion?

1391-1397
1416

Holy Communion increases our union with Christ and with his = Church. It=20 preserves and renews the life of grace received at Baptism and=20 Confirmation and makes us grow in love for our neighbor. It = strengthens us=20 in charity, wipes away venial sins and preserves us from mortal = sin in the=20 future.

293. When is it possible to give Holy Communion to other=20 Christians?

1398-1401

Catholic ministers may give Holy Communion licitly to members = of the=20 Oriental Churches which are not in full communion with the = Catholic Church=20 whenever they ask for it of their own will and possess the = required=20 dispositions. Catholic ministers may licitly give Holy Communion = to=20 members of other ecclesial communities only if, in grave = necessity, they=20 ask for it of their own will, possess the required dispositions, = and give=20 evidence of holding the Catholic faith regarding the = sacrament.

294. Why is the Eucharist a =93pledge of future = glory=94?

1402-1405

The Eucharist is a pledge of future glory because it fills us = with=20 every grace and heavenly blessing. It fortifies us for our = pilgrimage in=20 this life and makes us long for eternal life. It unites us already = to=20 Christ seated at the right hand of the Father, to the Church in = heaven and=20 to the Blessed Virgin and all the saints.

In the Eucharist, we =93break the = one bread that=20 provides the medicine of immortality, the antidote for death and = the=20 food that makes us live forever in Jesus Christ.=94 (Saint = Ignatius of=20 Antioch)

CHAPTER = TWO

The Sacraments of=20 Healing

295. Why did Christ institute the sacraments of Penance and = the=20 Anointing of the Sick?

1420-1421
1426

Christ, the physician of our soul and body, instituted these = sacraments=20 because the new life that he gives us in the sacraments of = Christian=20 initiation can be weakened and even lost because of sin. = Therefore, Christ=20 willed that his Church should continue his work of healing and = salvation=20 by means of these two sacraments.

THE SACRAMENT OF = PENANCE AND=20 RECONCILIATION

296. What is the name of this sacrament?

1422-1424

It is called the sacrament of Penance, the sacrament of = Reconciliation,=20 the sacrament of Forgiveness, the sacrament of Confession, and the = sacrament of Conversion.

297. Why is there a sacrament of Reconciliation after=20 Baptism?

1425-1426
1484

Since the new life of grace received in Baptism does not = abolish the=20 weakness of human nature nor the inclination to sin (that is,=20 concupiscence), Christ instituted this sacrament for the = conversion=20 of the baptized who have been separated from him by sin.

298. When did he institute this sacrament?

1485

The risen Lord instituted this sacrament on the evening of = Easter when=20 he showed himself to his apostles and said to them, =93Receive the = Holy=20 Spirit. If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven; if you = retain=20 the sins of any, they are retained.=94 (John 20:22-23).

299. Do the baptized have need of conversion?

1427-1429

The call of Christ to conversion continues to resound in the = lives of=20 the baptized. Conversion is a continuing obligation for the whole = Church.=20 She is holy but includes sinners in her midst.

300. What is interior penance?

1430-1433
1490

It is the movement of a =93contrite heart=94 (Psalm = 51:19) drawn by=20 divine grace to respond to the merciful love of God. This entails = sorrow=20 for and abhorrence of sins committed, a firm purpose not to sin = again in=20 the future and trust in the help of God. It is nourished by hope = in divine=20 mercy.

301. What forms does penance take in the Christian = life?

1434-1439

Penance can be expressed in many and various ways but above all = in=20 fasting, prayer, and almsgiving. These and many other forms of = penance can=20 be practiced in the daily life of a Christian, particularly during = the=20 time of Lent and on the penitential day of Friday.

302. What are the essential elements of the sacrament of=20 Reconciliation?

1440-1449

The essential elements are two: the acts of the penitent who = comes to=20 repentance through the action of the Holy Spirit, and the = absolution of=20 the priest who in the name of Christ grants forgiveness and = determines the=20 ways of making satisfaction.

303. What are the acts of the penitent?

1450-1460
1487-1492

They are: a careful examination of conscience; = contrition=20 (or repentance), which is perfect when it is motivated by love of = God and=20 imperfect if it rests on other motives and which includes the=20 determination not to sin again; confession, which consists = in the=20 telling of one=92s sins to the priest; and satisfaction or = the=20 carrying out of certain acts of penance which the confessor = imposes upon=20 the penitent to repair the damage caused by sin.

304. Which sins must be confessed?

1456

All grave sins not yet confessed, which a careful examination = of=20 conscience brings to mind, must be brought to the sacrament of = Penance.=20 The confession of serious sins is the only ordinary way to obtain=20 forgiveness.

305. When is a person obliged to confess mortal = sins?

1457

Each of the faithful who has reached the age of discretion is = bound to=20 confess his or her mortal sins at least once a year and always = before=20 receiving Holy Communion.

306. Why can venial sins also be the object of sacramental=20 confession?

1458

The confession of venial sins is strongly recommended by the = Church,=20 even if this is not strictly necessary, because it helps us to = form a=20 correct conscience and to fight against evil tendencies. It allows = us to=20 be healed by Christ and to progress in the life of the Spirit.

307. Who is the minister of this sacrament?

1461-1466
1495

Christ has entrusted the ministry of Reconciliation to his = apostles, to=20 the bishops who are their successors and to the priests who are = the=20 collaborators of the bishops, all of whom become thereby = instruments of=20 the mercy and justice of God. They exercise their power of = forgiving sins=20 in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy=20 Spirit.

308. To whom is the absolution of some sins = reserved?

1463

The absolution of certain particularly grave sins (like those = punished=20 by excommunication) is reserved to the Apostolic See or to the = local=20 bishop or to priests who are authorized by them. Any priest, = however, can=20 absolve a person who is in danger of death from any sin and=20 excommunication.

309. Is a confessor bound to secrecy?

1467

Given the delicacy and greatness of this ministry and the = respect due=20 to people every confessor, without any exception and under very = severe=20 penalties, is bound to maintain =93the sacramental seal=94 which = means=20 absolute secrecy about the sins revealed to him in confession.

310. What are the effects of this sacrament?

1468-1470
1496

The effects of the sacrament of Penance are: reconciliation = with God=20 and therefore the forgiveness of sins; reconciliation with the = Church;=20 recovery, if it has been lost, of the state of grace; remission of = the=20 eternal punishment merited by mortal sins, and remission, at least = in=20 part, of the temporal punishment which is the consequence of sin; = peace,=20 serenity of conscience and spiritual consolation; and an increase = of=20 spiritual strength for the struggle of Christian living.

311. Can this sacrament be celebrated in some cases with a = general=20 confession and general absolution?

1480-1484

In cases of serious necessity (as in imminent danger of death) = recourse=20 may be had to a communal celebration of Reconciliation with = general=20 confession and general absolution, as long as the norms of the = Church are=20 observed and there is the intention of individually confessing = one=92s grave=20 sins in due time.

312. What are indulgences?

1471-1479
1498

Indulgences are the remission before God of the temporal = punishment due=20 to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven. The faithful = Christian who=20 is duly disposed gains the indulgence under prescribed conditions = for=20 either himself or the departed. Indulgences are granted through = the=20 ministry of the Church which, as the dispenser of the grace of = redemption,=20 distributes the treasury of the merits of Christ and the Saints. =

THE SACRAMENT OF = ANOINTING OF THE=20 SICK

313. How was sickness viewed in the Old Testament?

1499-1502

In the Old Testament sickness was experienced as a sign of = weakness and=20 at the same time perceived as mysteriously bound up with sin. The = prophets=20 intuited that sickness could also have a redemptive value for = one=92s own=20 sins and those of others. Thus sickness was lived out in the = presence of=20 God from whom people implored healing.

314. What is the significance of Jesus=92 compassion for the = sick?=20

1503-1505

The compassion of Jesus toward the sick and his many healings = of the=20 infirm were a clear sign that with him had come the Kingdom of God = and=20 therefore victory over sin, over suffering, and over death. By his = own=20 passion and death he gave new meaning to our suffering which, when = united=20 with his own, can become a means of purification and of salvation = for us=20 and for others.

315. What is the attitude of the Church toward the = sick?

1506-1513
1526-1527

Having received from the Lord the charge to heal the sick, the = Church=20 strives to carry it out by taking care of the sick and = accompanying them=20 with her prayer of intercession. Above all, the Church possesses a = sacrament specifically intended for the benefit of the sick. This=20 sacrament was instituted by Christ and is attested by Saint James: = =93Is=20 anyone among you sick? Let him call in the presbyters of the = Church and=20 let them pray over him and anoint him with oil in the name of the = Lord=94=20 (James 5:14-15).

316. Who can receive the sacrament of the anointing of the=20 sick?

1514-1515
1528-1529

Any member of the faithful can receive this sacrament as soon = as he or=20 she begins to be in danger of death because of sickness or old = age. The=20 faithful who receive this sacrament can receive it several times = if their=20 illness becomes worse or another serious sickness afflicts them. = The=20 celebration of this sacrament should, if possible, be preceded by=20 individual confession on the part of the sick person.

317. Who administers this sacrament?

1516
1530

This sacrament can be administered only by priests (bishops or=20 presbyters).

318. How is this sacrament celebrated?

1517-1519
1531

The celebration of this sacrament consists essentially in an=20 anointing with oil which may be blessed by the bishop. The=20 anointing is on the forehead and on the hands of the sick person = (in the=20 Roman rite) or also on other parts of the body (in the other = rites)=20 accompanied by the prayer of the priest who asks for the = special=20 grace of this sacrament.

319. What are the effects of this sacrament?

1520-1523
1532

This sacrament confers a special grace which unites the sick = person=20 more intimately to the Passion of Christ for his good and for the = good of=20 all the Church. It gives comfort, peace, courage, and even the = forgiveness=20 of sins if the sick person is not able to make a confession. = Sometimes, if=20 it is the will of God, this sacrament even brings about the = restoration of=20 physical health. In any case this Anointing prepares the sick = person for=20 the journey to the Father=92s House.

320. What is Viaticum?

1524-1525

Viaticum is the Holy Eucharist received by those who are about = to leave=20 this earthly life and are preparing for the journey to eternal = life.=20 Communion in the body and blood of Christ who died and rose from = the dead,=20 received at the moment of passing from this world to the Father, = is the=20 seed of eternal life and the power of the resurrection.

CHAPTER = THREE

The=20 Sacraments at the Service of Communion and = Mission

321. What are the sacraments at the service of communion and = mission?

1533-1535

Two sacraments, Holy Orders and Matrimony, confer a special = grace for a=20 particular mission in the Church to serve and build up the People = of God.=20 These sacraments contribute in a special way to ecclesial = communion and to=20 the salvation of others.

THE SACRAMENT OF HOLY=20 ORDERS

322. What is the sacrament of Holy Orders?

1536

It is the sacrament through which the mission entrusted by = Christ to=20 his apostles continues to be exercised in the Church until the end = of=20 time.

323. Why is this sacrament called Holy Orders?

1537-1538

Orders designates an ecclesial body into which one = enters=20 by means of a special consecration (ordination). Through a special = gift of=20 the Holy Spirit, this sacrament enables the ordained to exercise a = sacred power in the name and with the authority of Christ = for the=20 service of the People of God.

324. What place does the sacrament of Holy Orders have in = the divine=20 plan of salvation?

1539-1546
1590-1591

This sacrament was prefigured in the Old Covenant in the = service of the=20 Levites, in the priesthood of Aaron, and in the institution of the = seventy=20 =93Elders=94 (Numbers 11:25). These prefigurations find = their=20 fulfillment in Christ Jesus who by the sacrifice of the cross is = the =93one=20 mediator between God and man=94 (1 Timothy 2:5), the = =93High Priest=20 according to the order of Melchizedek=94 (Hebrews 5:10). = The one=20 priesthood of Christ is made present in the ministerial = priesthood.

=93Only Christ is the true priest, = the others=20 being only his ministers.=94 (Saint Thomas=20 Aquinas)

325. What are the degrees that make up the sacrament of Holy = Orders?

1554
1593

The sacrament of Holy Orders is composed of three degrees which = are=20 irreplaceable for the organic structure of the Church: the = episcopate, the=20 presbyterate and the diaconate.

326. What is the effect of episcopal ordination?

1557-1558

Episcopal ordination confers the fullness of the sacrament of = Holy=20 Orders. It makes the bishop a legitimate successor of the apostles = and=20 integrates him into the episcopal college to share with the Pope = and the=20 other bishops care for all the churches. It confers on him the = offices of=20 teaching, sanctifying, and ruling.

327. What is the office confided to a Bishop in a particular = Church?

1560-1561

The bishop to whom the care of a particular Church is = entrusted=20 is the visible head and foundation of unity for that Church. For = the sake=20 of that Church, as vicar of Christ, he fulfills the office of = shepherd and=20 is assisted by his own priests and deacons.

328. What is the effect of ordination to the = priesthood?

1562-1567
1595

The anointing of the Spirit seals the priest with an indelible, = spiritual character that configures him to Christ the priest and = enables=20 him to act in the name of Christ the Head. As a co-worker of the = order of=20 bishops he is consecrated to preach the Gospel, to celebrate = divine=20 worship, especially the Eucharist from which his ministry draws = its=20 strength, and to be a shepherd of the faithful.

329. How does a priest carry out his proper = ministry?

1568

A priest, although ordained for a universal mission, exercises = his=20 ministry in a particular Church. This ministry is pursued in = sacramental=20 brotherhood with other priests who form the =93presbyterate=94. In = communion=20 with the bishop, and depending upon him, they bear responsibility = for the=20 particular Church.

330. What is the effect of the ordination to the = diaconate?

1569-1571
1596

The deacon, configured to Christ the servant of all, is = ordained for=20 service to the Church. He carries out this service under the = authority of=20 his proper bishop by the ministry of the Word, of divine worship, = of=20 pastoral care and of charity.

331. How is the sacrament of Holy Orders celebrated?

1572-1574
1597

The sacrament of Holy Orders is conferred, in each of its three = degrees, by means of the imposition of hands on the head of = the=20 ordinand by the Bishop who pronounces the solemn prayer of=20 consecration. With this prayer he asks God on behalf of the = ordinand for=20 the special outpouring of the Holy Spirit and for the gifts of the = Spirit=20 proper to the ministry to which he is being ordained.

332. Who can confer this sacrament?

1575-1576
1600

Only validly ordained bishops, as successors of the apostles, = can=20 confer the sacrament of Holy Orders.

333. Who can receive this sacrament?

1577-1578
1598

This sacrament can only be validly received by a baptized man. = The=20 Church recognizes herself as bound by this choice made by the Lord = Himself. No one can demand to receive the sacrament of Holy = Orders, but=20 must be judged suitable for the ministry by the authorities of the = Church.=20

334. Is it necessary to be celibate to receive the sacrament = of Holy=20 Orders?

1579-1580
1599

It is always necessary to be celibate for the episcopacy. For = the=20 priesthood in the Latin Church men who are practicing Catholics = and=20 celibate are chosen, men who intend to continue to live a celibate = life=20 =93for the kingdom of heaven=94 (Matthew 19:12). In the = Eastern=20 Churches marriage is not permitted after one has been ordained. = Married=20 men can be ordained to the permanent diaconate.

335. What are the effects of the sacrament of Holy = Orders?

1581-1589

This sacrament yields a special outpouring of the Holy Spirit = which=20 configures the recipient to Christ in his triple office as Priest, = Prophet, and King, according to the respective degrees of the = sacrament.=20 Ordination confers an indelible spiritual character and therefore = cannot=20 be repeated or conferred for a limited time.

336. With what authority is the priestly ministry = exercised?

1547-1553
1592

Ordained priests in the exercise of their sacred ministry speak = and act=20 not on their own authority, nor even by mandate or delegation of = the=20 community, but rather in the Person of Christ the Head and in the = name of=20 the Church. Therefore, the ministerial priesthood differs = essentially and=20 not just in degree from the priesthood common to all the faithful = for=20 whose service Christ instituted it.

THE SACRAMENT OF=20 MATRIMONY

337. What is the plan of God regarding man and = woman?

1601-1605

God who is love and who created man and woman for love has = called them=20 to love. By creating man and woman he called them to an intimate = communion=20 of life and of love in marriage: =93So that they are no longer = two, but one=20 flesh=94 (Matthew 19:6). God said to them in blessing =93Be = fruitful=20 and multiply=94 (Genesis 1:28).

338. For what ends has God instituted Matrimony?

1659-1660

The marital union of man and woman, which is founded and = endowed with=20 its own proper laws by the Creator, is by its very nature ordered = to the=20 communion and good of the couple and to the generation and = education of=20 children. According to the original divine plan this conjugal = union is=20 indissoluble, as Jesus Christ affirmed: =93What God has joined = together, let=20 no man put asunder=94 (Mark 10:9).

339. How does sin threaten marriage?

1606-1608

Because of original sin, which caused a rupture in the = God-given=20 communion between man and woman, the union of marriage is very = often=20 threatened by discord and infidelity. However, God in his infinite = mercy=20 gives to man and woman the grace to bring the union of their lives = into=20 accord with the original divine plan.

340. What does the Old Testament teach about = marriage?

1609-1611

God helped his people above all through the teaching of the Law = and the=20 Prophets to deepen progressively their understanding of the unity = and=20 indissolubility of marriage. The nuptial covenant of God with = Israel=20 prepared for and prefigured the new covenant established by Jesus = Christ=20 the Son of God, with his spouse, the Church.

341. What new element did Christ give to Matrimony?

1612-1617
1661

Christ not only restored the original order of matrimony but = raised it=20 to the dignity of a sacrament, giving spouses a special grace to = live out=20 their marriage as a symbol of Christ=92s love for his bride the=20 Church: =93Husbands, love your wives as Christ loves the = Church=94=20 (Ephesians 5:25).

342. Are all obliged to get married?

1618-1620

Matrimony is not an obligation for everyone, especially since = God calls=20 some men and women to follow the Lord Jesus in a life of virginity = or of=20 celibacy for the sake of the Kingdom of Heaven. These = renounce the=20 great good of Matrimony to concentrate on the things of the Lord = and seek=20 to please him. They become a sign of the absolute supremacy of = Christ=92s=20 love and of the ardent expectation of his glorious return.

343. How is the sacrament of Matrimony celebrated?

1621-1624

Since Matrimony establishes spouses in a public state of life = in the=20 Church, its liturgical celebration is public, taking place in the = presence=20 of a priest (or of a witness authorized by the Church) and other=20 witnesses.

344. What is matrimonial consent?

1625-1632
1662-1663

Matrimonial consent is given when a man and a woman manifest = the will=20 to give themselves to each other irrevocably in order to live a = covenant=20 of faithful and fruitful love. Since consent constitutes = Matrimony, it is=20 indispensable and irreplaceable. For a valid marriage the consent = must=20 have as its object true Matrimony, and be a human act which is = conscious=20 and free and not determined by duress or coercion.

345. What is required when one of the spouses is not a=20 Catholic?

1633-1637

A mixed marriage (between a Catholic and a baptized=20 non-Catholic) needs for liceity the permission of = ecclesiastical=20 authority. In a case of disparity of cult (between a = Catholic and a=20 non-baptized person) a dispensation is required for validity. In = both=20 cases, it is essential that the spouses do not exclude the = acceptance of=20 the essential ends and properties of marriage. It is also = necessary for=20 the Catholic party to accept the obligation, of which the = non-Catholic=20 party has been advised, to persevere in the faith and to assure = the=20 baptism and Catholic education of their children.

346. What are the effects of the sacrament of = Matrimony?

1638-1642

The sacrament of Matrimony establishes a perpetual and = exclusive=20 bond between the spouses. God himself seals the consent of = the=20 spouses. Therefore, a marriage which is ratified and consummated = between=20 baptized persons can never be dissolved. Furthermore, this = sacrament=20 bestows upon the spouses the grace necessary to attain holiness in = their=20 married life and to accept responsibly the gift of children and = provide=20 for their education.

347. What sins are gravely opposed to the sacrament of=20 Matrimony?

1645-1648

Adultery and polygamy are opposed to the sacrament of matrimony = because=20 they contradict the equal dignity of man and woman and the unity = and=20 exclusivity of married love. Other sins include the deliberate = refusal of=20 one=92s procreative potential which deprives conjugal love of the = gift of=20 children and divorce which goes against the indissolubility of=20 marriage.

348. When does the Church allow the physical separation of=20 spouses?

1629
1649

The Church permits the physical separation of spouses when for = serious=20 reasons their living together becomes practically impossible, even = though=20 there may be hope for their reconciliation. As long as one=92s = spouse lives,=20 however, one is not free to contract a new union, except if the = marriage=20 be null and be declared so by ecclesiastical authority.

349. What is the attitude of the Church toward those people = who are=20 divorced and then remarried?

1650-1651
1665

The Church, since she is faithful to her Lord, cannot recognize = the=20 union of people who are civilly divorced and remarried. =93Whoever = divorces=20 his wife and marries another, commits adultery against her; and if = she=20 divorces her husband and marries another, she commits adultery=94=20 (Mark 10:11-12). The Church manifests an attentive = solicitude=20 toward such people and encourages them to a life of faith, prayer, = works=20 of charity and the Christian education of their children. However, = they=20 cannot receive sacramental absolution, take Holy Communion, or = exercise=20 certain ecclesial responsibilities as long as their situation, = which=20 objectively contravenes God's law, persists.

350. Why is the Christian family called a domestic=20 church?

1655-1658
1666

The Christian family is called the domestic church because the = family=20 manifests and lives out the communal and familial nature of the = Church as=20 the family of God. Each family member, in accord with their own = role,=20 exercises the baptismal priesthood and contributes toward making = the=20 family a community of grace and of prayer, a school of human and = Christian=20 virtue and the place where the faith is first proclaimed to = children.

CHAPTER = FOUR

Other Liturgical=20 Celebrations

THE = SACRAMENTALS

351. What are the sacramentals?

1667-1672
1677-1678

These are sacred signs instituted by the Church to sanctify = different=20 circumstances of life. They include a prayer accompanied by the = sign of=20 the cross and other signs. Among the sacramentals which occupy an=20 important place are: blessings, which are the praise of God and a = prayer=20 to obtain his gifts, the consecration of persons and the = dedication of=20 things for the worship of God.

352. What is an exorcism?

1673

When the Church asks with its authority in the name of Jesus = that a=20 person or object be protected against the power of the Evil One = and=20 withdrawn from his dominion, it is called an exorcism. This is = done in=20 ordinary form in the rite of Baptism. A solemn exorcism, called a = major=20 exorcism, can be performed only by a priest authorized by the=20 bishop.

353. What forms of popular piety accompany the sacramental = life of=20 the Church?

1674-1676
1679

The religious sense of the Christian people has always found = expression=20 in the various forms of piety which accompany the sacramental life = of the=20 Church such as the veneration of relics, visits to sanctuaries,=20 pilgrimages, processions, the stations of the cross and the = rosary. The=20 Church sheds the light of faith upon and fosters authentic forms = of=20 popular piety.

CHRISTIAN = FUNERALS

354. What is the relationship between the sacraments and the = death=20 of a Christian?

1680-1683

The Christian who dies in Christ reaches at the end of his = earthly=20 existence the fulfillment of that new life which was begun in = Baptism,=20 strengthened in Confirmation, and nourished in the Eucharist, the=20 foretaste of the heavenly banquet. The meaning of the death of a = Christian=20 becomes clear in the light of the death and Resurrection of Christ = our=20 only hope. The Christian who dies in Christ Jesus goes =93away = from the body=20 to be at home with the Lord=94 (2 Corinthians 5:8).

355. What do funeral rites express?

1684-1685

Although celebrated in different rites in keeping with the = situations=20 and traditions of various regions, funerals express the paschal = character=20 of Christian death in hope of the resurrection. They also manifest = the=20 meaning of communion with the departed particularly through prayer = for the=20 purification of their souls.

356. What are the main moments in funerals?

1686-1690

Usually, funeral rites consist of four principal parts: = welcoming the=20 body of the deceased by the community with words of comfort and = hope, the=20 liturgy of the Word, the Eucharistic Sacrifice, and the farewell = in which=20 the soul of the departed is entrusted to God, the Source of = eternal life,=20 while the body is buried in the hope of the resurrection.

Part = Three

Life in Christ

Section One
Man's = Vocation: Life=20 in the Spirit

357. How is the Christian moral life bound up with faith and = the=20 sacraments?

1691-1698

What the symbol of faith professes, the sacraments communicate. = Indeed,=20 through them the faithful receive the grace of Christ and the = gifts of the=20 Holy Spirit which give them the capability of living a new life as = children of God in Christ whom they have received in faith.

=93O Christian, = recognize your=20 dignity.=94 (Saint Leo the Great)

CHAPTER = ONE

The Dignity of the Human=20 Person

MAN THE IMAGE OF = GOD

358. What is the root of human dignity?

1699-1715

The dignity of the human person is rooted in his or her = creation in the=20 image and likeness of God. Endowed with a spiritual and immortal = soul,=20 intelligence and free will, the human person is ordered to God and = called=20 in soul and in body to eternal beatitude.

OUR VOCATION TO=20 BEATITUDE

359. How do we attain beatitude?

1716

We attain beatitude by virtue of the grace of Christ which = makes=20 us participants in the divine life. Christ in the Gospel points = out to his=20 followers the way that leads to eternal happiness: the beatitudes. = The=20 grace of Christ also is operative in every person who, following a = correct=20 conscience, seeks and loves the true and the good and avoids = evil.

360. Why are the beatitudes important for us?

1716-1717
1725-1726

The beatitudes are at the heart of Jesus=92 preaching and they = take up=20 and fulfill the promises that God made starting with Abraham. They = depict=20 the very countenance of Jesus and they characterize authentic = Christian=20 life. They reveal the ultimate goal of human activity, which is = eternal=20 happiness.

361. What is the relationship between the beatitudes and our = desire=20 for happiness?

1718-1719

The beatitudes respond to the innate desire for happiness that = God has=20 placed in the human heart in order to draw us to himself. God = alone can=20 satisfy this desire.

362. What is eternal happiness?

1720-1724
1727-1729

It is the vision of God in eternal life in which we are fully=20 =93partakers of the divine nature=94 (2 Peter 1:4), of the glory = of Christ and=20 of the joy of the trinitarian life. This happiness surpasses human = capabilities. It is a supernatural and gratuitous gift of God just = as is=20 the grace which leads to it. This promised happiness confronts us = with=20 decisive moral choices concerning earthly goods and urges us to = love God=20 above all=20 = things. = &= nbsp; &n= bsp; &nb= sp; &nbs= p; = ; =20

MAN'S = FREEDOM

363. What is freedom?

1730-1733
1743-1744

Freedom is the power given by God to act or not to act, to do = this or=20 to do that, and so to perform deliberate actions on one's own=20 responsibility. Freedom characterizes properly human acts. The = more one=20 does what is good, the freer one becomes. Freedom attains its = proper=20 perfection when it is directed toward God, the highest good and = our=20 beatitude. Freedom implies also the possibility of choosing = between good=20 and evil. The choice of evil is an abuse of freedom and leads to = the=20 slavery of sin.

364. What is the relationship between freedom and=20 responsibility?

1734-1737
1745-1746

Freedom makes people responsible for their actions to the = extent that=20 they are voluntary, even if the imputability and responsibility = for an=20 action can be diminished or sometimes cancelled by ignorance,=20 inadvertence, duress, fear, inordinate attachments, or habit.

365. Why does everyone have a right to exercise = freedom?

1738
1747

The right to the exercise of freedom belongs to everyone = because it is=20 inseparable from his or her dignity as a human person. Therefore = this=20 right must always be respected, especially in moral and religious = matters,=20 and it must be recognized and protected by civil authority within = the=20 limits of the common good and a just public order.

366. What place does human freedom have in the plan of=20 salvation?

1739-1742
1748

Our freedom is weakened because of original sin. This weakness = is=20 intensified because of successive sins. Christ, however, set us = free =93so=20 that we should remain free=94 (Galatians 5:1). With his = grace, the=20 Holy Spirit leads us to spiritual freedom to make us free = co-workers with=20 him in the Church and in the world.

367. What are the sources of the morality of human = acts?

1749-1754
1757-1758

The morality of human acts depends on three sources: the = object=20 chosen, either a true or apparent good; the intention = of the=20 subject who acts, that is, the purpose for which the subject = performs the=20 act; and the circumstances of the act, which include its=20 consequences.

368. When is an act morally good?

1755-1756
1759-1760

An act is morally good when it assumes simultaneously the = goodness of=20 the object, of the end, and of the circumstances. A chosen object = can by=20 itself vitiate an act in its entirety, even if the intention is = good. It=20 is not licit to do evil so that good may result from it. An evil = end=20 corrupts the action, even if the object is good in itself. On the = other=20 hand, a good end does not make an act good if the object of that = act is=20 evil, since the end does not justify the means. Circumstances can = increase=20 or diminish the responsibility of the one who is acting but they = cannot=20 change the moral quality of the acts themselves. They never make = good an=20 act which is in itself evil.

369. Are there acts which are always illicit?

1756
1761

There are some acts which, in and of themselves, are always = illicit by=20 reason of their object (for example, blasphemy, homicide, = adultery).=20 Choosing such acts entails a disorder of the will, that is, a = moral evil=20 which can never be justified by appealing to the good effects = which could=20 possibly result from them.

THE MORALITY OF THE=20 PASSIONS

370. What are the passions?

1762-1766
1771-1772

The passions are the feelings, the emotions or the movements of = the=20 sensible appetite - natural components of human psychology - which = incline=20 a person to act or not to act in view of what is perceived as good = or=20 evil. The principal passions are love and hatred, desire and fear, = joy,=20 sadness, and anger. The chief passion is love which is drawn by = the=20 attraction of the good. One can only love what is good, real or=20 apparent.

371. Are the passions morally good or bad?

1767-1770
1773-1775

The passions insofar as they are movements of the sensible = appetite are=20 neither good nor bad in themselves. They are good when they = contribute to=20 a good action and they are evil in the opposite case. They can be = taken up=20 into the virtues or perverted by the vices.

THE MORAL = CONSCIENCE

372. What is the moral conscience?

1776-1780
1795-1797

Moral conscience, present in the heart of the person, is a = judgment of=20 reason which at the appropriate moment enjoins him to do good and = to avoid=20 evil. Thanks to moral conscience, the human person perceives the = moral=20 quality of an act to be done or which has already been done, = permitting=20 him to assume responsibility for the act. When attentive to moral=20 conscience, the prudent person can hear the voice of God who = speaks to him=20 or her.

373. What does the dignity of the human person = imply for=20 the moral conscience?

1780-1782
1798

The dignity of a human person requires the uprightness of a = moral=20 conscience (which is to say that it be in accord with what is just = and=20 good according to reason and the law of God). Because of this = personal=20 dignity, no one may be forced to act contrary to conscience; nor, = within=20 the limits of the common good, be prevented from acting according = to it,=20 especially in religious matters.

374. How is a moral conscience formed to be = upright and=20 truthful?

1783-1788
1799-1800

An upright and true moral conscience is formed by education and = by=20 assimilating the Word of God and the teaching of the Church. It is = supported by the gifts of the Holy Spirit and helped by the advice = of wise=20 people. Prayer and an examination of conscience can also greatly = assist=20 one=92s moral formation.

375. What norms must conscience always = follow?

1789

There are three general norms: 1) one may never do evil so that = good=20 may result from it; 2) the so-called Golden Rule, = =93Whatever you=20 wish that men would do to you, do so to them=94 (Matthew = 7:12); 3)=20 charity always proceeds by way of respect for one=92s neighbor and = his=20 conscience, even though this does not mean accepting as good = something=20 that is objectively evil.

376. Can a moral conscience make erroneous=20 judgments?

1790-1794
1801-1802

A person must always obey the certain judgment of his own = conscience=20 but he could make erroneous judgments for reasons that may not = always=20 exempt him from personal guilt. However, an evil act committed = through=20 involuntary ignorance is not imputable to the person, even though = the act=20 remains objectively evil. One must therefore work to correct the = errors of=20 moral conscience.

THE = VIRTUES

377. What is a virtue?

1803
1833

A virtue is an habitual and firm disposition to do the good. = =93The goal=20 of a virtuous life is to become like God=94 (Saint Gregory of = Nyssa). There=20 are human virtues and theological virtues.

378. What are the human virtues?

1804
1810-1811
1834
1839

The human virtues are habitual and stable perfections of the = intellect=20 and will that govern our actions, order our passions and guide our = conduct=20 according to reason and faith. They are acquired and strengthened = by the=20 repetition of morally good acts and they are purified and elevated = by=20 divine grace.

379. What are the principal human = virtues?

1805
1834

The principal human virtues are called the cardinal = virtues,=20 under which all the other virtues are grouped and which are the = hinges of=20 a virtuous life. The cardinal virtues are: prudence, justice, = fortitude,=20 and temperance.

380. What is prudence?

1806
1835

Prudence disposes reason to discern in every circumstance our = true good=20 and to choose the right means for achieving it. Prudence guides = the other=20 virtues by pointing out their rule and measure.

381. What is justice?

1807
1836

Justice consists in the firm and constant will to give to = others their=20 due. Justice toward God is called =93the virtue of = religion.=94

382. What is fortitude?

1808
1837

Fortitude assures firmness in difficulties and constancy in the = pursuit=20 of the good. It reaches even to the ability of possibly = sacrificing one=92s=20 own life for a just cause.

383. What is temperance?

1809
1838

Temperance moderates the attraction of pleasures, assures the = mastery=20 of the will over instincts and provides balance in the use of = created=20 goods.

384. What are the theological virtues?

1812-1813
1840-1841

The theological virtues have God himself as their origin, = motive and=20 direct object. Infused with sanctifying grace, they bestow on one = the=20 capacity to live in a relationship with the Trinity. They are the=20 foundation and the energizing force of the Christian=92s moral = activity and=20 they give life to the human virtues. They are the pledge of the = presence=20 and action of the Holy Spirit in the faculties of the human being. =

385. What are the theological virtues?

1813

The theological virtues are faith, hope, and charity.

386. What is the virtue of faith?

1814-1816
1842

Faith is the theological virtue by which we believe in God and = all that=20 he has revealed to us and that the Church proposes for our belief = because=20 God is Truth itself. By faith the human person freely commits = himself to=20 God. Therefore, the believer seeks to know and do the will of God = because=20 =93faith works through charity=94 (Galatians 5:6).

387. What is hope?

1817-1821
1843

Hope is the theological virtue by which we desire and await = from God=20 eternal life as our happiness, placing our trust in Christ's = promises and=20 relying on the help of the grace of the Holy Spirit to merit it = and to=20 persevere to the end of our earthly life.

388. What is charity?

1822-1829
1844

Charity is the theological virtue by which we love God above = all things=20 and our neighbor as ourselves for the love of God. Jesus makes = charity the=20 new commandment, the fullness of the law. =93It is the bond of = perfection=94=20 (Colossians 3:14) and the foundation of the other virtues = to which=20 it gives life, inspiration, and order. Without charity =93I am = nothing=94 and=20 =93I gain nothing=94 (1 Corinthians 13:1-3).

389. What are the gifts of the Holy Spirit?

1830-1831
1845

The gifts of the Holy Spirit are permanent dispositions which = make us=20 docile in following divine inspirations. They are seven: wisdom,=20 understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of = the Lord.=20

390. What are the fruits of the Holy Spirit?

1832

The fruits of the Holy Spirit are perfections formed in = us as=20 the first fruits of eternal glory. The tradition of the Church = lists=20 twelve of them: charity, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, = generosity, gentleness, faithfulness, modesty, self-control, and = chastity=20 (Galatians 5:22-23, Vulgate).

SIN

391. What does the acceptance of God=92s mercy require from=20 us?

1846-1848
1870

It requires that we admit our faults and repent of our sins. = God=20 himself by his Word and his Spirit lays bare our sins and gives us = the=20 truth of conscience and the hope of forgiveness.

392. What is sin?

1849-1851
1871-1872

Sin is =93a word, an act, or a desire contrary to the eternal = Law=94 (Saint=20 Augustine). It is an offense against God in disobedience to his = love. It=20 wounds human nature and injures human solidarity. Christ in his = passion=20 fully revealed the seriousness of sin and overcame it with his = mercy.

393. Is there a variety of sins?

1852-1853
1873

There are a great many kinds of sins. They can be distinguished = according to their object or according to the virtues or = commandments=20 which they violate. They can directly concern God, neighbor, or = ourselves.=20 They can also be divided into sins of thought, of word, of deed, = or of=20 omission.

394. How are sins distinguished according to their = gravity?

1854

A distinction is made between mortal and venial sin.

395. When does one commit a mortal sin?

1855-1861
1874

One commits a mortal sin when there are simultaneously present: = grave=20 matter, full knowledge, and deliberate consent. This sin destroys = charity=20 in us, deprives us of sanctifying grace, and, if unrepented, leads = us to=20 the eternal death of hell. It can be forgiven in the ordinary way = by means=20 of the sacraments of Baptism and of Penance or Reconciliation.

396. When does one commit a venial sin?

1862-1864
1875

One commits a venial sin, which is essentially different from a = mortal=20 sin, when the matter involved is less serious or, even if it is = grave,=20 when full knowledge or complete consent are absent. Venial sin = does not=20 break the covenant with God but it weakens charity and manifests a = disordered affection for created goods. It impedes the progress of = a soul=20 in the exercise of the virtues and in the practice of moral good. = It=20 merits temporal punishment which purifies.

397. How does sin proliferate?

1865
1876

Sin creates a proclivity to sin ; it engenders vice by = repetition of=20 the same acts.

398. What are vices?

1866-1867

Vices are the opposite of virtues. They are perverse habits = which=20 darken the conscience and incline one to evil. The vices can be = linked to=20 the seven, so-called, capital sins which are: pride, = avarice, envy,=20 anger, lust, gluttony, and sloth or acedia.

399. Do we have any responsibility for sins committed by=20 others?

1868

We do have such a responsibility when we culpably cooperate = with them.=20

400. What are structures of sin?

1869

Structures of sin are social situations or = institutions=20 that are contrary to the divine law. They are the expression and = effect of=20 personal sins.

CHAPTER = TWO

The=20 Human Community

THE PERSON AND=20 SOCIETY

401. In what does the social dimension of man = consist?

1877-1880
1890-1891

Together with the personal call to beatitude, the human person = has a=20 communal dimension as an essential component of his nature and = vocation.=20 Indeed, all are called to the same end, God himself. There is a = certain=20 resemblance between the communion of the divine Persons and the = fraternity=20 that people are to establish among themselves in truth and love. = Love of=20 neighbor is inseparable from love for God.

402. What is the relationship between the person and=20 society?

1881-1882
1892-1893

The human person is and ought to be the principle, the = subject=20 and the end of all social institutions. Certain societies, such as = the=20 family and the civic community, are necessary for the human = person. Also=20 helpful are other associations on the national and international = levels=20 with due respect for the principle of subsidiarity.

403. What is the principle of subsidiarity?

1883-1885
1894

The principle of subsidiarity states that a community of a = higher order=20 should not assume the task belonging to a community of a lower = order and=20 deprive it of its authority. It should rather support it in case = of=20 need.

404. What else is required for an authentic human = society?

1886-1889
1895-1896

Authentic human society requires respect for justice, a = just=20 hierarchy of values, and the subordination of material and = instinctual=20 dimensions to interior and spiritual ones. In particular, where = sin has=20 perverted the social climate, it is necessary to call for the = conversion=20 of hearts and for the grace of God to obtain social changes that = may=20 really serve each person and the whole person. Charity, which = requires and=20 makes possible the practice of justice, is the greatest social=20 commandment.

PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL = LIFE

405. What is the foundation of the authority of = society?

1897-1902
1918-1920

Every human community needs a legitimate authority that = preserves order=20 and contributes to the realization of the common good. The = foundation of=20 such authority lies in human nature because it corresponds to the = order=20 established by God.

406. When is authority exercised in a legitimate = way?

1901-1904
1921-1922

Authority is exercised legitimately when it acts for the common = good=20 and employs morally licit means to attain it. Therefore, political = regimes=20 must be determined by the free decision of their citizens. They = should=20 respect the principle of the =93rule of law=94 in which the law, = and not the=20 arbitrary will of some, is sovereign. Unjust laws and measures = contrary to=20 the moral order are not binding in conscience.

407. What is the common good?

1905-1906
1924

By the common good is meant the sum total of those conditions = of social=20 life which allow people as groups and as individuals to reach = their proper=20 fulfillment.

408. What is involved in the common good?

1907-1909
1925

The common good involves: respect for and promotion of the = fundamental=20 rights of the person, the development of the spiritual and = temporal goods=20 of persons and society, and the peace and security of all.

409. Where can one find the most complete realization of the = common=20 good?

1910-1912
1927

The most complete realization of the common good is found in = those=20 political communities which defend and promote the good of their = citizens=20 and of intermediate groups without forgetting the universal good = of the=20 entire human family.

410. How does one participate in bringing about the common=20 good?

1913-1917
1926

All men and women according to the place and role that they = occupy=20 participate in promoting the common good by respecting just laws = and=20 taking charge of the areas for which they have personal = responsibility=20 such as the care of their own family and the commitment to their = own work.=20 Citizens also should take an active part in public life as far as=20 possible.

SOCIAL = JUSTICE

411. How does society ensure social justice?

1928-1933
1943-1944

Society ensures social justice when it respects the dignity and = the=20 rights of the person as the proper end of society itself. = Furthermore,=20 society pursues social justice, which is linked to the common good = and to=20 the exercise of authority, when it provides the conditions that = allow=20 associations and individuals to obtain what is their due.

412. On what is human equality based?

1934-1935
1945

All persons enjoy equal dignity and fundamental rights = insofar as=20 they are created in the image of the one God, are endowed with the = same=20 rational soul, have the same nature and origin, and are called in = Christ,=20 the one and only Savior, to the same divine beatitude.

413. How are we to view social inequalities?

1936-1938
1946-1947

There are sinful social and economic inequalities which affect = millions=20 of human beings. These inequalities are in open contradiction to = the=20 Gospel and are contrary to justice, to the dignity of persons, and = to=20 peace. There are , however, differences among people caused by = various=20 factors which enter into the plan of God. Indeed, God wills that = each=20 might receive what he or she needs from others and that those = endowed with=20 particular talents should share them with others. Such differences = encourage and often oblige people to the practice of generosity, = kindness=20 and the sharing of goods. They also foster the mutual enrichment = of=20 cultures.

414. How is human solidarity manifested?

1939-1942
1948

Solidarity, which springs from human and Christian brotherhood, = is=20 manifested in the first place by the just distribution of goods, = by a fair=20 remuneration for work and by zeal for a more just social order. = The=20 virtue of solidarity also practices the sharing of the = spiritual=20 goods of faith which is even more important than sharing material=20 goods.

CHAPTER = THREE

God's Salvation: Law and=20 Grace

THE MORAL = LAW

415. What is the moral law?

1950-1953
1975-1978

The moral law is a work of divine Wisdom. It prescribes the = ways and=20 the rules of conduct that lead to the promised beatitude and it = forbids=20 the ways that turn away from God.

416. In what does the natural moral law consist?

1954-1960
1978-1979

The natural law which is inscribed by the Creator on the heart = of every=20 person consists in a participation in the wisdom and the goodness = of God.=20 It expresses that original moral sense which enables one to = discern by=20 reason the good and the bad. It is universal and immutable and = determines=20 the basis of the duties and fundamental rights of the person as = well as=20 those of the human community and civil law.

417. Is such a law perceived by everyone?

1960

Because of sin the natural law is not always perceived nor is = it=20 recognized by everyone with equal clarity and immediacy.

For this reason God =93wrote on the = tables of=20 the Law what men did not read in their hearts.=94 (Saint=20 Augustine)

418. What is the relationship between the natural law and = the Old=20 Law?

1961-1962
1980

The Old Law is the first stage of revealed Law. It expresses = many=20 truths naturally accessible to reason and which are thus affirmed = and=20 authenticated in the covenant of salvation. Its moral = prescriptions, which=20 are summed up in the Ten Commandments of the Decalogue, lay the=20 foundations of the human vocation, prohibit what is contrary to = the love=20 of God and neighbor, and prescribe what is essential to it.

419. What place does the Old Law have in the plan of=20 salvation?

1963-1964
1982

The Old Law permitted one to know many truths which are = accessible to=20 reason, showed what must or must not be done and, above all, like = a wise=20 tutor, prepared and disposed one for conversion and for the = acceptance of=20 the Gospel. However, while being holy, spiritual, and good, the = Old Law=20 was still imperfect because in itself it did not give the strength = and the=20 grace of the Spirit for its observance.

420. What is the New Law or the Law of the Gospel?

1965-1972
1983-1985

The New Law or the Law of the Gospel, proclaimed and fulfilled = by=20 Christ, is the fullness and completion of the divine law, natural = and=20 revealed. It is summed up in the commandment to love God and = neighbor and=20 to love one another as Christ loved us. It is also an interior = reality:=20 the grace of the Holy Spirit which makes possible such love. It is = =93the=20 law of freedom=94 (Galatians 1:25) because it inclines us = to act=20 spontaneously by the prompting of charity.

=93The New Law is mainly the same = grace of the=20 Holy Spirit which is given to believers in Christ.=94 (Saint = Thomas=20 Aquinas)

421. Where does one find the New Law?

1971-1974
1986

The New Law is found in the entire life and preaching of Christ = and in=20 the moral catechesis of the apostles. The Sermon on the Mount is = its=20 principal expression.

GRACE AND=20 JUSTIFICATION

422. What is justification?

1987-1995
2017-2020

Justification is the most excellent work of God's love. It is = the=20 merciful and freely-given act of God which takes away our sins and = makes=20 us just and holy in our whole being. It is brought about by means = of the=20 grace of the Holy Spirit which has been merited for us by the = passion of=20 Christ and is given to us in Baptism. Justification is the = beginning of=20 the free response of man, that is, faith in Christ and of = cooperation with=20 the grace of the Holy Spirit.

423. What is the grace that justifies?

1996-1998
2005
2021

That grace is the gratuitous gift that God gives us to make us=20 participants in his trinitarian life and able to act by his love. = It is=20 called habitual, sanctifying or deifying grace because it=20 sanctifies and divinizes us. It is supernatural because it = depends=20 entirely on God=92s gratuitous initiative and surpasses the = abilities of the=20 intellect and the powers of human beings. It therefore escapes our = experience.

424. What other kinds of grace are there?

1999-2000
2003-2004
2023-2024

Besides habitual grace, there are actual graces (gifts for = specific=20 circumstances), sacramental graces (gifts proper to each = sacrament),=20 special graces or charisms (gifts that are intended for the common = good of=20 the Church) among which are the graces of state that accompany the = exercise of ecclesial ministries and the responsibilities of = life.

425. What is the relationship between grace and human=20 freedom?

2001-2002

Grace precedes, prepares and elicits our free response. It = responds to=20 the deep yearnings of human freedom, calls for its cooperation and = leads=20 freedom toward its perfection.

426. What is merit?

2006-2010
2025-2026

In general merit refers to the right to recompense for a good = deed.=20 With regard to God, we of ourselves are not able to merit = anything, having=20 received everything freely from him. However, God gives us the = possibility=20 of acquiring merit through union with the love of Christ, who is = the=20 source of our merits before God. The merits for good works, = therefore must=20 be attributed in the first place to the grace of God and then to = the free=20 will of man.

427. What are the goods that we can = merit?

2010-2011
2027

Moved by the Holy Spirit, we can merit for ourselves and for = others the=20 graces needed for our sanctification and for the attainment of = eternal=20 life. Even temporal goods, suitable for us, can be merited in = accordance=20 with the plan of God. No one, however, can merit the initial = grace=20 which is at the origin of conversion and justification.

428. Are all called to Christian holiness?

2012-2016
2028-2029

All the faithful are called to Christian holiness. This is the = fullness=20 of Christian life and the perfection of charity and it is brought = about by=20 intimate union with Christ and, in him, with the most Holy = Trinity. The=20 path to holiness for a Christian goes by way of the cross and will = come to=20 its fulfillment in the final resurrection of the just, in which = God will=20 be all in all.

THE CHURCH MOTHER AND=20 TEACHER

429. How does the Church nourish the moral life of a=20 Christian?

2030-2031
2047

The Church is the community in which the Christian receives the = Word of=20 God, the teachings of the =93Law of Christ=94 (Galatians = 6:2), and the=20 grace of the sacraments. Christians are united to the Eucharistic=20 sacrifice of Christ in such a way that their moral life is an act = of=20 spiritual worship; and they learn the example of holiness from the = Virgin=20 Mary and the lives of the Saints.

430. Why does the Magisterium of the Church act in the field = of=20 morality?

2032-2040
2049-2051

It is the duty of the Magisterium of the Church to preach the = faith=20 that is to be believed and put into practice in life. This duty = extends=20 even to the specific precepts of the natural law because their = observance=20 is necessary for salvation.

431. What purpose do the precepts of the Church = have?

2041
2048

The five precepts of the Church are meant to guarantee for the = faithful=20 the indispensable minimum in the spirit of prayer, the sacramental = life,=20 moral commitment and growth in love of God and neighbor.

432. What are the precepts of the Church?

2042-2043

They are: 1) to attend Mass on Sundays and other holy days of=20 obligation and to refrain from work and activities which could = impede the=20 sanctification of those days; 2) to confess one's sins, receiving = the=20 sacrament of Reconciliation at least once each year; 3) to receive = the=20 sacrament of the Eucharist at least during the Easter season; 4) = to=20 abstain from eating meat and to observe the days of fasting = established by=20 the Church; and 5) to help to provide for the material needs of = the=20 Church, each according to his own ability.

433. Why is the Christian moral life indispensable for the=20 proclamation of the Gospel?

2044-2046

Because their lives are conformed to the Lord Jesus, = Christians=20 draw others to faith in the true God, build up the Church, inform = the=20 world with the spirit of the Gospel, and hasten the coming of the = Kingdom=20 of God.

Section Two
The Ten Commandments =

Exodus 20:2-17

I am the LORD your God,
who brought you out
of the=20 land of=20 Egypt,
out of the = house of=20 bondage.

You shall have no other gods before
me. You shall not make = for=20 yourself
a graven image, or any likeness of
anything that = is in=20 heaven above,
or that is in the earth beneath, or
that is = in the=20 water under the earth;
you shall not bow down to them
or = serve=20 them; for I the LORD your
God am a jealous God, visiting the=20
iniquity of the fathers upon the
children to the third and = the=20 fourth
generation of those who hate me,
but showing = steadfast love=20 to
thousands of those who love me
and keep my=20 commandments.

You shall not take
the name of the LORD
your God in=20 vain;
for the LORD will not hold him
guiltless who takes = his name=20 in vain.

Remember the sabbath day, to keep it
holy. Six days you = shall=20 labor, and
do all your work; but the seventh day
is a = sabbath to=20 the LORD your God; in
it you shall not do any work, you, or =
your=20 son, or your daughter, your
manservant, or your maidservant, = or=20
your cattle, or the sojourner who is
within your gates; = for in six=20 days the
LORD made heaven and earth, the sea,
and all that = is in=20 them, and rested the
seventh day; therefore the LORD blessed =
the=20 sabbath day and hallowed it.

Honor your father and your
mother, that your days may =
be long=20 in the land which
the LORD your God
gives = you.

You shall not kill.

You shall not
commit adultery.

You shall not steal.

You shall not bear false
witness against your=20
neighbor.

You shall not covet your
neighbor=92s house; you shall not =
covet=20 your neighbor=92s wife, or his
manservant, or his = maidservant,=20
or his ox, or his ass, or anything
that is your=20 neighbor=92s.

Deuteronomy 5:6-21

I am the LORD
your God, who
brought = you out of=20
the land of=20 Egypt,
out of the = house of=20 bondage.

You shall have no other
gods before me...

You shall not take
the name of the
LORD your God in=20
vain:...

Observe the sabbath
day, to keep it holy...

Honor your father
and your mother...

You shall not kill.

Neither shall you
commit adultery.

Neither shall you steal.

Neither shall you bear
false witness against
your=20 neighbor.

Neither shall you covet
your neighbor=92s wife...

You shall not desire...
anything that is your=20
neighbor=92s.

A Traditional Catechetical Formula

1. I am the LORD
your God: you
shall not have =
strange Gods=20 before me.

2. You shall not
take the name of
the LORD your
God = in=20 vain.

3. Remember to
keep holy the
LORD=92S day.

4. Honor your father
and your mother.

5. You shall not kill.

6. You shall not
commit adultery.

7. You shall not steal.

8. You shall not bear
false witness against
your=20 neighbor.

9. You shall not covet
your neighbor=92s wife.

10. You shall not covet
your neighbor=92s goods.

434. =93Teacher, what good must I do to have eternal = life?=94=20 (Matthew 19:16).

2052-2054
2075-2076

To the young man who asked this question, Jesus answered, =93If = you would=20 enter into life, keep the commandments=94, and then he added, = =93Come, follow=20 Me=94 (Matthew 19:16-21). To follow Jesus involves keeping = the=20 commandments. The law has not been abolished but man is invited to = rediscover it in the Person of the divine Master who realized it = perfectly=20 in himself, revealed its full meaning and attested to its = permanent=20 validity.

435. How did Jesus interpret the Law?

2055

Jesus interpreted the Law in the light of the twofold yet = single=20 commandment of love, the fullness of the Law: =93You shall love = the Lord=20 your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all = your=20 mind. This is the greatest and first commandment. And the second = is like=20 it: you shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two = commandments=20 depend all the Law and the Prophets=94 (Matthew = 22:37-40).

436. What does =93Decalogue=94 mean?

2056-2057

Decalogue means =93ten words=94 (Exodus 34:28). These = words sum up=20 the Law given by God to the people of Israel in the context of the = Covenant mediated by Moses. This Decalogue, in presenting the = commandments=20 of the love of God (the first three) and of one's neighbor (the = other=20 seven), traces for the chosen people and for every person in = particular=20 the path to a life freed from the slavery of sin.

437. What is the bond between the Decalogue and the=20 Covenant?

2058-2063
2077

The Decalogue must be understood in the light of the Covenant = in which=20 God revealed himself and made known his will. In observing the=20 commandments, the people manifested their belonging to God and = they=20 answered his initiative of love with thanksgiving.

438. What importance does the Church give to the = Decalogue?

2064-2068

The Church, in fidelity to Scripture and to the example of = Christ,=20 acknowledges the primordial importance and significance of the = Decalogue.=20 Christians are obliged to keep it.

439. Why does the Decalogue constitute an organic = unity?

2069
2079

The Ten Commandments form an organic and indivisible whole = because each=20 commandment refers to the other commandments and to the entire = Decalogue.=20 To break one commandment, therefore, is to violate the entire = law.

440. Why does the Decalogue enjoin serious = obligations?

2072-2073
2081

It does so because the Decalogue expresses the fundamental = duties of=20 man towards God and towards his neighbor.

441. Is it possible to keep the Decalogue?

2074
2082

Yes, because Christ without whom we can do nothing enables us = to keep=20 it with the gift of his Spirit and his grace.

CHAPTER = ONE

=93You=20 Shall Love the Lord Your God
With All Your Heart, With All = Your Soul,=20
and With All Your Mind=94

THE FIRST COMMANDMENT: = I AM THE=20 LORD YOUR GOD,
YOU SHALL NOT HAVE OTHER GODS BEFORE = ME

442. What is implied in the affirmation of God: =93I am the = Lord your=20 God=94 (Exodus 20:2)?

2083-2094
2133-2134

This means that the faithful must guard and activate the three=20 theological virtues and must avoid sins which are opposed to them. = Faith believes in God and rejects everything that is = opposed to it,=20 such as, deliberate doubt, unbelief, heresy, apostasy, and schism. = Hope trustingly awaits the blessed vision of God and his = help,=20 while avoiding despair and presumption. Charity loves God = above all=20 things and therefore repudiates indifference, ingratitude, = lukewarmness,=20 sloth or spiritual indolence, and that hatred of God which is born = of=20 pride.

443. What is the meaning of the words of our Lord, =93Adore = the Lord=20 your God and worship Him alone=94 (Matthew 4:10)?

2095-2105
2135-2136

These words mean to adore God as the Lord of everything that = exists; to=20 render to him the individual and community worship which is his = due; to=20 pray to him with sentiments of praise, of thanks, and of = supplication; to=20 offer him sacrifices, above all the spiritual sacrifice of one=92s = own life,=20 united with the perfect sacrifice of Christ; and to keep the = promises and=20 vows made to him.

444. In what way does a person exercise his or her proper = right to=20 worship God in truth and in freedom?

2104-2109
2137

Every person has the right and the moral duty to seek the = truth,=20 especially in what concerns God and his Church. Once the = truth is=20 known, each person he has the right and moral duty to embrace it, = to guard=20 it faithfully and to render God authentic worship. At the same = time, the=20 dignity of the human person requires that in religious matters no = one may=20 be forced to act against conscience nor be restrained, within the = just=20 limits of public order, from acting in conformity with conscience, = privately or publicly, alone or in association with others.

445. What does God prohibit by his command, =93You shall not = have=20 other gods before me=94 (Exodus 20:2)?

2110-2128
2138-2140

This commandment forbids:

Polytheism and idolatry, which divinizes=20 creatures, power, money, or even demons.

Superstition which is a departure from the = worship due=20 to the true God and which also expresses itself in various forms = of=20 divination, magic, sorcery and spiritism.

Irreligion which is evidenced: in tempting God = by word=20 or deed; in sacrilege, which profanes sacred persons or sacred = things,=20 above all the Eucharist; and in simony, which involves the = buying or=20 selling of spiritual things.

Atheism which rejects the existence of God, = founded=20 often on a false conception of human autonomy.

Agnosticism which affirms that nothing can be = known=20 about God, and involves indifferentism and practical atheism. =

446. Does the commandment of God, =93You shall not make for = yourself a=20 graven image=94 (Exodus 20:3), forbid the cult of = images?

2129-2132
2141

In the Old Testament this commandment forbade any = representation of God=20 who is absolutely transcendent. The Christian veneration of sacred = images,=20 however, is justified by the incarnation of the Son of God (as = taught by=20 the Second Council of Nicea in 787AD) because such veneration is = founded=20 on the mystery of the Son of God made man, in whom the = transcendent God is=20 made visible. This does not mean the adoration of an image, but = rather the=20 veneration of the one who is represented in it: for example, = Christ, the=20 Blessed Virgin Mary, the Angels and the Saints.

THE SECOND COMMANDMENT: =
YOU=20 SHALL NOT TAKE THE NAME OF THE LORD YOUR GOD IN = VAIN

447. How does one respect the holiness of the Name of = God?

2142-2149
2160-2162

One shows respect for the holy Name of God by blessing it, = praising it=20 and glorifying it. It is forbidden, therefore, to call on the Name = of God=20 to justify a crime. It is also wrong to use the holy Name of God = in any=20 improper way as in blasphemy (which by its nature is a = grave sin),=20 curses, and unfaithfulness to promises made in the = Name of=20 God.

448. Why is a false oath forbidden?

2150-2151
2163-2164

It is forbidden because one calls upon God who is truth itself = to be=20 the witness to a lie.

=93Do not swear, whether by the = Creator or by=20 any creature, except truthfully, of necessity and with = reverence.=94=20 (Saint Ignatius of Loyola)

449. What is perjury?

2152-2155

Perjury is to make a promise under oath with the intention of = not=20 keeping it or to violate a promise made under oath. It is a grave = sin=20 against God who is always faithful to his promises.

THE THIRD COMMANDMENT: =
REMEMBER=20 TO KEEP HOLY THE LORD'S DAY

450. Why did God =93bless the Sabbath day and declare it = sacred=94=20 (Exodus 20:11)?

2168-2172
2189

God did so because on the Sabbath day one remembers God=92s = rest=20 on the seventh day of creation, and also the liberation of=20 Israel from slavery in Egypt and the Covenant which God = sealed with=20 his people.

451. How did Jesus act in regard to the Sabbath?

2173

Jesus recognized the holiness of the Sabbath day and with = divine=20 authority he gave this law its authentic interpretation: =93The = Sabbath was=20 made for man, and not man for the sabbath=94 (Mark = 2:27).

452. For what reason has the Sabbath been changed to Sunday = for=20 Christians?

2174-2176
2190-2191

The reason is because Sunday is the day of the Resurrection of = Christ.=20 As =93the first day of the week=94 (Mark 16:2) it recalls = the first=20 creation; and as the =93eighth day=94, which follows the sabbath, = it=20 symbolizes the new creation ushered in by the Resurrection of = Christ.=20 Thus, it has become for Christians the first of all days and of = all=20 feasts. It is the day of the Lord in which he with his = Passover=20 fulfilled the spiritual truth of the Jewish Sabbath and proclaimed = man=92s=20 eternal rest in God.

453. How does one keep Sunday holy?

2177-2185
2192-2193

Christians keep Sunday and other days of obligation holy by=20 participating in the Eucharist of the Lord and by refraining from = those=20 activities which impede the worship of God and disturb the joy = proper to=20 the day of the Lord or the necessary relaxation of mind and body.=20 Activities are allowed on the Sabbath which are bound up with = family needs=20 or with important social service, provided that they do not lead = to habits=20 prejudicial to the holiness of Sunday, to family life and to = health.

454. Why is the civil recognition of Sunday as a feast day=20 important?

2186-2188
2194-2195

It is important so that all might be given the real possibility = of=20 enjoying sufficient rest and leisure to take care of their = religious,=20 familial, cultural and social lives. It is important also to have = an=20 opportune time for meditation, for reflection, for silence, for = study, and=20 a time to dedicate to good works, particularly for the sick and = for the=20 elderly.

CHAPTER = TWO

=93You = Shall Love Your=20 Neighbour as Yourself=94

THE FOURTH COMMANDMENT: =
HONOR=20 YOUR FATHER AND YOUR MOTHER

455. What does the fourth commandment require?

2196-2200
2247-2248

It commands us to honor and respect our parents and those whom = God, for=20 our good, has vested with his authority.

456. What is the nature of the family in the plan of = God?

2201-2205
2249

A man and a woman united in marriage form a family together = with their=20 children. God instituted the family and endowed it with its = fundamental=20 constitution. Marriage and the family are ordered to the good of = the=20 spouses and to the procreation and education of children. Members = of the=20 same family establish among themselves personal relationships and = primary=20 responsibilities. In Christ the family becomes the domestic = church=20 because it is a community of faith, of hope, and of charity.

457. What place does the family occupy in society?

2207-2208

The family is the original cell of human society and is, = therefore,=20 prior to any recognition by public authority. Family values and = principles=20 constitute the foundation of social life. Family life is an = initiation=20 into the life of society.

458. What are the duties that society has toward the = family?

2209-2213
2250

Society, while respecting the principle of subsidiarity, has = the duty=20 to support and strengthen marriage and the family. Public = authority must=20 respect, protect and foster the true nature of marriage and the = family,=20 public morality, the rights of parents, and domestic prosperity. =

459. What are the duties of children toward their = parents?

2214-2220
2251

Children owe respect (filial piety), gratitude, docility and = obedience=20 to their parents. In paying them respect and in fostering good=20 relationships with their brothers and sisters, children contribute = to the=20 growth in harmony and holiness in family life in general. Adult = children=20 should give their parents material and moral support whenever they = find=20 themselves in situations of distress, sickness, loneliness, or old = age.

460. What are the duties of parents toward their = children?

2221-2231

Parents, in virtue of their participation in the fatherhood of = God,=20 have the first responsibility for the education of their children = and they=20 are the first heralds of the faith for them. They have the duty to = love=20 and respect their children as persons and as children of = God=20 and to provide, as far as is possible, for their physical and = spiritual=20 needs. They should select for them a suitable school and help them = with=20 prudent counsel in the choice of their profession and their state = of life.=20 In particular they have the mission of educating their children in = the=20 Christian faith.

461. How are parents to educate their children in the = Christian=20 faith?

2252-2253

Parents do this mainly by example, prayer, family catechesis = and=20 participation in the life of the Church.

462. Are family bonds an absolute good?

2232-2233

Family ties are important but not absolute, because the first = vocation=20 of a Christian is to follow Jesus and love him: =93He who loves = father or=20 mother more than me is not worthy of me; whoever loves son or = daughter=20 more than me is not worthy of me=94 (Matthew 10:37). = Parents must=20 support with joy their children's choice to follow Jesus in = whatever state=20 of life, even in the consecrated life or the priestly = ministry.

463. How should authority be exercised in the various = spheres of=20 civil society?

2234-2237
2254

Authority should always be exercised as a service, = respecting=20 fundamental human rights, a just hierarchy of values, laws, = distributive=20 justice, and the principle of subsidiarity. All those who exercise = authority should seek the interests of the community before their = own=20 interest and allow their decisions to be inspired by the truth = about God,=20 about man and about the world.

464. What are the duties of citizens in regard to civil=20 authorities?

2238-2241
2255

Those subject to authority should regard those in authority as=20 representatives of God and offer their loyal collaboration for the = right=20 functioning of public and social life. This collaboration includes = love=20 and service of one's homeland, the right and duty to vote, payment = of=20 taxes, the defense of one's country, and the right to exercise=20 constructive criticism.

465. When is a citizen forbidden to obey civil = authorities?

2242-2243
2256

A citizen is obliged in conscience not to obey the laws of = civil=20 authorities when they are contrary to the demands of the moral = order: =93We=20 must obey God rather than men=94 (Acts of the Apostles = 5:29).

THE FIFTH COMMANDMENT: =
YOU=20 SHALL NOT KILL

466. Why must human life be respected?

2258-2262
2318-2320

Human life must be respected because it is sacred. From = its=20 beginning human life involves the creative action of God and it = remains=20 forever in a special relationship with the Creator, who is its = sole end.=20 It is not lawful for anyone directly to destroy an innocent human = being.=20 This is gravely contrary to the dignity of the person and the = holiness of=20 the Creator. =93Do not slay the innocent and the righteous=94 = (Exodus=20 23:7).

467. Why is the legitimate defense of persons and of society = not=20 opposed to this norm?

2263-2265

Because in choosing to legitimately defend oneself one is = respecting=20 the right to life (either one=92s own right to life or that of = another) and=20 not choosing to kill. Indeed, for someone responsible for the life = of=20 another, legitimate defense can be not only a right but a grave = duty,=20 provided only that disproportionate force is not used.

468. What is the purpose of punishment?

2266

A punishment imposed by legitimate public authority has the aim = of=20 redressing the disorder introduced by the offense, of defending = public=20 order and people=92s safety, and contributing to the correction of = the=20 guilty party.

469. What kind of punishment may be imposed?

2267

The punishment imposed must be proportionate to the gravity of = the=20 offense. Given the possibilities which the State now has for = effectively=20 preventing crime by rendering one who has committed an offense = incapable=20 of doing harm, the cases in which the execution of the offender is = an=20 absolute necessity =93are very rare, if not practically = non-existent.=94=20 (Evangelium Vitae). When non-lethal means are sufficient, = authority=20 should limit itself to such means because they better correspond = to the=20 concrete conditions of the common good, are more in conformity = with the=20 dignity of the human person, and do not remove definitively from = the=20 guilty party the possibility of reforming himself.

470. What is forbidden by the fifth commandment?

2268-2283
2321-2326

The fifth commandment forbids as gravely contrary to the moral = law:=20

direct and intentional murder and cooperation in = it;=20

direct abortion, willed as an end or as means, as = well as=20 cooperation in it. Attached to this sin is the penalty of=20 excommunication because, from the moment of his or her = conception, the=20 human being must be absolutely respected and protected in his = integrity;=20

direct euthanasia which consists in putting an = end to=20 the life of the handicapped, the sick, or those near death by an = act or=20 by the omission of a required action;

suicide and voluntary cooperation in it, insofar = as it=20 is a grave offense against the just love of God, of self, and of = neighbor. One=92s responsibility may be aggravated by the = scandal given;=20 one who is psychologically disturbed or is experiencing grave = fear may=20 have diminished responsibility.

471. What medical procedures are permitted when death is = considered=20 imminent?

2278-2279

When death is considered imminent the ordinary care owed to a = sick=20 person cannot be legitimately interrupted. However, it is = legitimate to=20 use pain-killers which do not aim at in death and to refuse = =93over-zealous=20 treatment=94, that is the utilization of disproportionate medical = procedures=20 without reasonable hope of a positive outcome.

472. Why must society protect every embryo?

2273-2274

The inalienable right to life of every human individual from = the first=20 moment of conception is a constitutive element of civil society = and its=20 legislation. When the State does not place its power at the = service of the=20 rights of all and in particular of the more vulnerable, including = unborn=20 children, the very foundations of a State based on law are = undermined.=20

473. How does one avoid scandal?

2284-2287

Scandal, which consists in inducing others to do evil, is = avoided when=20 we respect the soul and body of the person. Anyone who = deliberately leads=20 others to commit serious sins himself commits a grave offense.

474. What duty do we have toward our body?

2288-2291

We must take reasonable care of our own physical health = and that=20 of others but avoid the cult of the body and every kind of = excess.=20 Also to be avoided are the use of drugs which cause very serious = damage to=20 human health and life, as well as the abuse of food, alcohol, = tobacco and=20 medicine.

475. When are scientific, medical, or psychological = experiments on=20 human individuals or groups morally legitimate?

2292-2295

They are morally legitimate when they are at the service of the = integral good of the person and of society, without = disproportionate risks=20 to the life and physical and psychological integrity of the = subjects who=20 must be properly informed and consenting.

476. Are the transplant and donation of organs allowed = before and=20 after death?

2296

The transplant of organs is morally acceptable with the consent = of the=20 donor and without excessive risks to him or her. Before allowing = the noble=20 act of organ donation after death, one must verify that the donor = is truly=20 dead.

477. What practices are contrary to respect for the bodily = integrity=20 of the human person?

2297-2298

They are: kidnapping and hostage taking, terrorism, torture, = violence,=20 and direct sterilization. Amputations and mutilations of a person = are=20 morally permissible only for strictly therapeutic medical = reasons.

478. What care must be given to the dying?

2299

The dying have a right to live the last moments of their = earthly lives=20 with dignity and, above all, to be sustained with prayer and the=20 sacraments that prepare them to meet the living God.

479. How are the bodies of the deceased to be = treated?

2300-2301

The bodies of the departed must be treated with love and = respect. Their=20 cremation is permitted provided that it does not demonstrate a = denial of=20 faith in the resurrection of the body.

480. What does the Lord ask of every person in regard to=20 peace?

2302-2303

The Lord proclaimed =93Blessed are the peacemakers=94=20 (Matthew 5:9). He called for peace of heart and denounced = the=20 immorality of anger which is a desire for revenge for some evil = suffered.=20 He also denounced hatred which leads one to wish evil on one=92s = neighbor.=20 These attitudes, if voluntary and consented to in matters of great = importance, are mortal sins against charity.

481. What is peace in this world?

2304-2305

Peace in this world, which is required for the respect and = development=20 of human life, is not simply the absence of war or a balance of = power=20 between adversaries. It is =93the tranquility of order=94 (Saint = Augustine),=20 =93the work of justice=94 (Isaiah 32:17) and the effect of = charity.=20 Earthly peace is the image and fruit of the peace of Christ.

482. What is required for earthly peace?

2304
2307-2308

Earthly peace requires the equal distribution and safeguarding = of the=20 goods of persons, free communication among human beings, respect = for the=20 dignity of persons and peoples, and the assiduous practice of = justice and=20 fraternity.

483. When is it morally permitted to use military = force?

2307-2310

The use of military force is morally justified when the = following=20 conditions are simultaneously present:

the suffering inflicted by the aggressor must be lasting, = grave and=20 certain;

all other peaceful means must have been shown to be = ineffective;=20

there are well founded prospects of success;

the use of arms, especially given the power of modern = weapons of=20 mass destruction, must not produce evils graver than the evil to = be=20 eliminated.

484. In danger of war, who has the responsibility for = the=20 rigorous evaluation of these conditions?

2309

This responsibility belongs to the prudential judgment of = government=20 officials who also have the right to impose on citizens the = obligation of=20 national defense. The personal right to conscientious objection = makes an=20 exception to this obligation which should then be carried out by = another=20 form of service to the human community.

485. In case of war, what does the moral law = require?

2312-2314
2328

Even during a war the moral law always remains valid. It = requires the=20 humane treatment of noncombatants, wounded soldiers and prisoners = of war.=20 Deliberate actions contrary to the law of nations, and the orders = that=20 command such actions are crimes, which blind obedience does not = excuse.=20 Acts of mass destruction must be condemned and likewise the = extermination=20 of peoples or ethnic minorities, which are most grievous sins. One = is=20 morally bound to resist the orders that command such acts.

486. What must be done to avoid war?

2315-2317
2327-2330

Because of the evils and injustices that all war brings with = it, we=20 must do everything reasonably possible to avoid it. To this end it = is=20 particularly important to avoid: the accumulation and sale of arms = which=20 are not regulated by the legitimate authorities; all forms of = economic and=20 social injustice; ethnic and religious discrimination; envy, = mistrust,=20 pride and the spirit of revenge. Everything done to overcome these = and=20 other disorders contributes to building up peace and avoiding = war.

THE SIXTH COMMANDMENT: =
YOU=20 SHALL NOT COMMIT ADULTERY

487. What responsibility do human persons have in regard to = their=20 own sexual identity?

2331-2336
2392-2393

God has created human beings as male and female, equal in = personal=20 dignity, and has called them to a vocation of love and of = communion.=20 Everyone should accept his or her identity as male or female, = recognizing=20 its importance for the whole of the person, its specificity and=20 complementarity.

488. What is chastity?

2337-2338

Chastity means the positive integration of sexuality within the = person.=20 Sexuality becomes truly human when it is integrated in a correct = way into=20 the relationship of one person to another. Chastity is a moral = virtue, a=20 gift of God, a grace, and a fruit of the Holy Spirit.

489. What is involved in the virtue of chastity?

2339-2341

The virtue of chastity involves an apprenticeship in = self-mastery as an=20 expression of human freedom directed towards self-giving. An = integral and=20 continuing formation, which is brought about in stages, is = necessary to=20 achieve this goal.

490. What are the means that aid the living of = chastity?

2340-2347

There are many means at one's disposal: the grace of God, the = help of=20 the sacraments, prayer, self-knowledge, the practice of an = asceticism=20 adapted to various situations, the exercise of the moral virtues,=20 especially the virtue of temperance which seeks to have the = passions=20 guided by reason.

491. In what way is everyone called to live = chastity?

2348-2350
2394

As followers of Christ, the model of all chastity, all the = baptised are=20 called to live chastely in keeping with their particular states of = life.=20 Some profess virginity or consecrated celibacy which enables them = to give=20 themselves to God alone with an undivided heart in a remarkable = manner.=20 Others, if they are married live in conjugal chastity, or if = unmarried=20 practise chastity in continence.

492. What are the principal sins against chastity?

2351-2359
2396

Grave sins against chastity differ according to their object: = adultery,=20 masturbation, fornication, pornography, prostitution, rape, and = homosexual=20 acts. These sins are expressions of the vice of lust. These kinds = of acts=20 committed against the physical and moral integrity of minors = become even=20 more grave.

493. Although it says only =93you shall not commit = adultery=94 why does=20 the sixth commandment forbid all sins against chastity?

2336

Although the biblical text of the Decalogue reads =93you shall = not commit=20 adultery=94 (Exodus 20:14), the Tradition of the Church=20 comprehensively follows the moral teachings of the Old and New = Testaments=20 and considers the sixth commandment as encompassing all sins = against=20 chastity.

494. What is the responsibility of civil authority in regard = to=20 chastity?

2354

Insofar as it is bound to promote respect for the dignity of = the=20 person, civil authority should seek to create an environment = conducive to=20 the practice of chastity. It should also enact suitable = legislation to=20 prevent the spread of the grave offenses against chastity = mentioned above,=20 especially in order to protect minors and those who are the = weakest=20 members of society.

495. What are the goods of conjugal love to which sexuality = is=20 ordered?

2360-2361
2397-2398

The goods of conjugal love, which for those who are baptized is = sanctified by the sacrament of Matrimony, are unity, fidelity,=20 indissolubility, and an openness to the procreation of life.

496. What is the meaning of the conjugal act?

2362-2367

The conjugal act has a twofold meaning: unitive (the mutual = self-giving=20 of the spouses) and procreative (an openness to the transmission = of life).=20 No one may break the inseparable connection which God has = established=20 between these two meanings of the conjugal act by excluding one or = the=20 other of them.

497. When is it moral to regulate births?

2368-2369
2399

The regulation of births, which is an aspect of responsible = fatherhood=20 and motherhood, is objectively morally acceptable when it is = pursued by=20 the spouses without external pressure; when it is practiced not = out of=20 selfishness but for serious reasons; and with methods that conform = to the=20 objective criteria of morality, that is, periodic continence and = use of=20 the infertile periods.

498. What are immoral means of birth control?

2370-2372

Every action - for example, direct sterilization or = contraception - is=20 intrinsically immoral which (either in anticipation of the = conjugal act,=20 in its accomplishment or in the development of its natural = consequences)=20 proposes, as an end or as a means, to hinder procreation.

499. Why are artificial insemination and artificial = fertilization=20 immoral?

2373-2377

They are immoral because they dissociate procreation from the = act with=20 which the spouses give themselves to each other and so introduce = the=20 domination of technology over the origin and destiny of the human = person.=20 Furthermore, heterologous insemination and fertilization with the = use of=20 techniques that involve a person other than the married couple = infringe=20 upon the right of a child to be born of a father and mother known = to him,=20 bound to each other by marriage and having the exclusive right to = become=20 parents only through each another.

500. How should children be considered?

2378

A child is a gift of God, the supreme gift of marriage. = There is=20 no such thing as a right to have children (e.g. =93a child at any = cost=94).=20 But a child does have the right to be the fruit of the conjugal = act of its=20 parents as well as the right to be respected as a person from the = moment=20 of conception.

501. What can spouses do when they do not have = children?

2379

Should the gift of a child not be given to them, after = exhausting all=20 legitimate medical options, spouses can show their generosity by = way of=20 foster care or adoption or by performing meaningful services for = others.=20 In this way they realize a precious spiritual fruitfulness.

502. What are the offenses against the dignity of = marriage?

2380-2391
2400

These are: adultery, divorce, polygamy, incest, free unions=20 (cohabitation, concubinage), and sexual acts before or outside of=20 marriage.

THE SEVENTH = COMMANDMENT:
YOU=20 SHALL NOT STEAL

503. What is set forth by the seventh commandment?

2401-2402

The seventh commandment requires respect for the universal = destination=20 and distribution of goods and the private ownership of them, as = well as=20 respect for persons, their property, and the integrity of = creation. The=20 Church also finds in this Commandment the basis for her social = doctrine=20 which involves the correct way of acting in economic, social and = political=20 life, the right and the duty of human labor, justice and = solidarity among=20 nations, and love for the poor.

504. Under what conditions does the right to private = property=20 exist?

2403

The right to private property exists provided the property is = acquired=20 or received in a just way and that the universal destination of = goods for=20 the satisfaction of the basic needs of all takes precedence.

505. What is the purpose of private property?

2404-2406

The purpose of private property is to guarantee the freedom and = dignity=20 of individual persons by helping them to meet the basic needs of = those in=20 their charge and also of others who are in need.

506. What does the seventh commandment require?

2407
2450-2451

The seventh commandment requires respect for the goods of = others=20 through the practice of justice and charity, temperance and = solidarity. In=20 particular it requires respect for promises made and contracts = agreed=20 to, reparation for injustice committed and restitution = of=20 stolen goods, and respect for the integrity of creation by = the=20 prudent and moderate use of the mineral, vegetable, and animal = resources=20 of the universe with special attention to those species which are = in=20 danger of extinction.

507. What attitude should people have toward = animals?

2416-2418
2457

People must treat animals with kindness as creatures of = God and=20 avoid both excessive love for them and an indiscriminate use of = them=20 especially by scientific experiments that go beyond reasonable = limits and=20 entail needless suffering for the animals.

508. What is forbidden by the seventh commandment?

2408-2413
2453-2455

Above all, the seventh commandment forbids theft, which is the = taking=20 or using of another=92s property against the reasonable will of = the owner.=20 This can be done also by paying unjust wages; by speculation on = the value=20 of goods in order to gain an advantage to the detriment of others; = or by=20 the forgery of checks or invoices. Also forbidden is tax evasion = or=20 business fraud; willfully damaging private or public property ; = usury;=20 corruption; the private abuse of common goods; work deliberately = done=20 poorly; and waste.

509. What is the content of the social doctrine of the=20 Church?

2419-2423

The social doctrine of the Church is an organic development of = the=20 truth of the Gospel about the dignity of the human person and his = social=20 dimension offering principles for reflection, criteria for = judgment, and=20 norms and guidelines for action.

510. When does the Church intervene in social areas?

2420
2458

The Church intervenes by making a moral judgment about economic = and=20 social matters when the fundamental rights of the person, the = common good,=20 or the salvation of souls requires it.

511. How should social and economic life be pursued?

2459

It should be pursued according to its own proper methods within = the=20 sphere of the moral order, at the service of the whole human being = and of=20 the entire human community in keeping with social justice. Social = and=20 economic life should have the human person as its author, center, = and=20 goal.

512. What would be opposed to the social doctrine of the=20 Church?

2424-2425

Opposed to the social doctrine of the Church are economic and = social=20 systems that sacrifice the basic rights of persons or that make = profit=20 their exclusive norm or ultimate end. For this reason the Church = rejects=20 the ideologies associated in modern times with Communism or with = atheistic=20 and totalitarian forms of socialism. But in the practice of = capitalism the=20 Church also rejects self centered individualism and an absolute = primacy of=20 the laws of the marketplace over human labor.

513. What is the meaning of work?

2426-2428
2460-2461

Work is both a duty and a right through which human beings = collaborate=20 with God the Creator. Indeed, by working with commitment and = competence we=20 fulfil the potential inscribed in our nature, honor the = Creator=92s gifts=20 and the talents received from him, provide for ourselves and for = our=20 families, and serve the human community. Furthermore, by the grace = of God,=20 work can be a means of sanctification and collaboration with = Christ for=20 the salvation of others.

514. To what type of work does every person have a = right?

2429
2433-2434

Access to secure and honest employment must be open to all = without=20 unjust discrimination and with respect for free economic = initiative and=20 fair compensation.

515. What responsibility does the State have in regard to=20 labor?

2431

It is the role of the State to guarantee individual freedom and = private=20 property, as well as a stable currency and efficient public = services. It=20 is also the State=92s responsibility to oversee and direct the = exercise of=20 human rights in the economic sector. According to circumstances, = society=20 must help citizens to find work.

516. What is the task of business management?

2432

Business managers are responsible for the economic and = ecological=20 effects of their operations. They must consider the good of = persons and=20 not only the increase of profits, even though profits are = necessary to=20 assure investments, the future of the business, employment, and = the good=20 progress of economic life.

517. What are the duties of workers?

2435

They must carry out their work in a conscientious way with = competence=20 and dedication, seeking to resolve any controversies with = dialogue.=20 Recourse to a non-violent strike is morally legitimate when it = appears to=20 be the necessary way to obtain a proportionate benefit and it = takes into=20 account the common good.

518. How is justice and solidarity among nations brought=20 about?

2437-2441

On the international level, all nations and institutions must = carry out=20 their work in solidarity and subsidiarity for the purpose of = eliminating=20 or at least reducing poverty, the inequality of resources and = economic=20 potential, economic and social injustices, the exploitation of = persons,=20 the accumulation of debts by poor countries, and the perverse = mechanisms=20 that impede the development of the less advanced countries.

519. In what way do Christians participate in political = and=20 social life?

2442

The lay faithful take part directly in political and social = life by=20 animating temporal realities with a Christian spirit and = collaborating=20 with all as authentic witnesses of the Gospel and agents of peace = and=20 justice.

520. By what is love for the poor inspired?

2443-2449
2462-2463

Love for the poor is inspired by the Gospel of the Beatitudes = and by=20 the example of Jesus in his constant concern for the poor. Jesus = said,=20 =93Whatever you have done to the least of my brethren, you have = done to me=94=20 (Matthew 25:40). Love for the poor shows itself through the = struggle against material poverty and also against the many forms = of=20 cultural, moral, and religious poverty. The spiritual and corporal = works=20 of mercy and the many charitable institutions formed throughout = the=20 centuries are a concrete witness to the preferential love for the = poor=20 which characterizes the disciples of Jesus.

THE EIGHTH = COMMANDMENT:
YOU=20 SHALL NOT BEAR FALSE WITNESS AGAINST YOUR NEIGHBOR

521. What is one=92s duty toward the truth?

2464-2470
2504

Every person is called to sincerity and truthfulness in acting = and=20 speaking. Everyone has the duty to seek the truth, to adhere to it = and to=20 order one=92s whole life in accordance with its demands. In Jesus = Christ the=20 whole of God=92s truth has been made manifest. He is =93the = truth=94.=20 Those who follow him live in the Spirit of truth and guard against = duplicity, dissimulation, and hypocrisy.

522. How does one bear witness to the truth?

2471-2474
2505-2506

A Christian must bear witness to the truth of the Gospel in = every field=20 of his activity, both public and private, and also if necessary, = with the=20 sacrifice of his very life. Martyrdom is the supreme witness given = to the=20 truth of the faith.

523. What is forbidden by the eighth commandment?

2475-2487
2507-2509

The eighth commandment forbids:

false witness, perjury, and lying, the = gravity=20 of which is measured by the truth it deforms, the circumstances, = the=20 intentions of the one who lies, and the harm suffered by its = victims;=20

rash judgment, slander, defamation and=20 calumny which diminish or destroy the good reputation and = honor=20 to which every person has a right;

flattery, adulation, or complaisance,=20 especially if directed to serious sins or toward the achievement = of=20 illicit advantages.

A sin committed against truth demands reparation if it has = caused harm=20 to others.

524. What is required by the eighth commandment?

2488-2492
2510-2511

The eighth commandment requires respect for the truth = accompanied by=20 the discretion of charity in the field of communication and = the=20 imparting of information, where the personal and common good, = the=20 protection of privacy and the danger of scandal must all be taken = into=20 account; in respecting professional secrets which must be = kept,=20 save in exceptional cases for grave and proportionate reasons; and = also in=20 respecting confidences given under the seal of secrecy.

525. How is one to use the means of social = communication?

2493-2499
2512

The information provided by the media must be at the service of = the=20 common good. Its content must be true and =96 within the limits of = justice=20 and charity =96 also complete. Furthermore, information must be = communicated=20 honestly and properly with scrupulous respect for moral laws and = the=20 legitimate rights and dignity of the person.

526. What relationship exists between truth, beauty and = sacred=20 art?

2500-2503
2513

The truth is beautiful, carrying in itself the splendour of = spiritual=20 beauty. In addition to the expression of the truth in words there = are=20 other complementary expressions of the truth, most specifically in = the=20 beauty of artistic works. These are the fruit both of talents = given=20 by God and of human effort. Sacred art by being true and = beautiful=20 should evoke and glorify the mystery of God made visible in = Christ, and=20 lead to the adoration and love of God, the Creator and Savior, who = is the=20 surpassing, invisible Beauty of Truth and Love.

THE NINTH COMMANDMENT: =
YOU=20 SHALL NOT COVET YOUR NEIGHBOR'S WIFE

527. What is required by the ninth commandment?

2514-2516
2528-2530

The ninth commandment requires that one overcome carnal = concupiscence=20 in thought and in desire. The struggle against such concupiscence = entails=20 purifying the heart and practicing the virtue of temperance.

528. What is forbidden by the ninth commandment?

2517-2519
2531-2532

The ninth commandment forbids cultivating thoughts and desires=20 connected to actions forbidden by the sixth commandment.

529. How does one reach purity of heart?

2520

In the battle against disordered desires the baptised person is = able,=20 by the grace of God, to achieve purity of heart through the virtue = and=20 gift of chastity, through purity of intention, purity of vision = (both=20 exterior and interior), discipline of the imagination and of = feelings and=20 by prayer.

530. What are the other requirements for purity?

2521-2527
2533

Purity requires modesty which, while protecting the = intimate=20 center of the person, expresses the sensitivity of chastity. It = guides how=20 one looks at others and behaves toward them in conformity with the = dignity=20 of persons and their communion. Purity frees one from wide-spread=20 eroticism and avoids those things which foster morbid curiosity. = Purity=20 also requires a purification of the social climate by means = of a=20 constant struggle against moral permissiveness which is founded on = an=20 erroneous conception of human freedom.

THE TENTH = COMMANDMENT:
YOU SHALL=20 NOT COVET YOUR NEIGHBOR=92S POSSESSIONS

531. What is required and what is forbidden by the tenth=20 commandment?

2534-2540
2551-2554

This commandment, which completes the preceding commandment, = requires=20 an interior attitude of respect for the property of others and = forbids=20 greed, unbridled covetousness for the goods of = others, and=20 envy which is the sadness one experiences at the sight of = another=92s=20 goods and the immoderate desire to acquire them for oneself.

532. What does Jesus call for in poverty of spirit?

2544-2547
2556

Jesus calls his disciples to prefer him to everything and = everyone.=20 Detachment from riches =96 in the spirit of evangelical poverty = =96 and=20 self-abandonment to divine providence free us from anxiety about = the=20 future and prepare us for the blessedness of the =93poor in = spirit, for=20 theirs is the kingdom of heaven=94 (Mathew 5:3).

533. What is the greatest human desire?

2548-2550
2557

The greatest desire of the human person is to see God. =93I = want to see=20 God=94 is the cry of our whole being. We realize our true and full = happiness=20 in the vision and beatitude of the One who created us out of love = and=20 draws us to himself with infinite love.

=93Whoever sees God has obtained all = the goods=20 of which he can conceive.=94 (Saint Gregory of=20 Nyssa)

Part = Four

Christian Prayer

Section One
Prayer in=20 the Christian Life

534. What is prayer?

2558-2565
2590

Prayer is the raising of one=92s mind and heart to God, or the = petition=20 of good things from him in accord with his will. It is always the = gift of=20 God who comes to encounter man. Christian prayer is the personal = and=20 living relationship of the children of God with their Father who = is=20 infinitely good, with his Son Jesus Christ, and with the Holy = Spirit who=20 dwells in their hearts.

CHAPTER = ONE

The Revelation of=20 Prayer

535. Why is there a universal call to = prayer?

2566-2567

Because through creation God first calls every being from = nothingness.=20 Even after the Fall man continues to be capable of recognizing his = Creator=20 and retains a desire for the One who has called him into = existence. All=20 religions, and the whole history of salvation in particular, bear = witness=20 to this human desire for God. It is God first of all, however, who = ceaselessly draws every person to the mysterious encounter known = as=20 prayer.

THE REVELATION OF = PRAYER
IN THE=20 OLD TESTAMENT

536. How is Abraham a model of prayer?

2570-2573
2592

Abraham is a model of prayer because he walked in the presence = of God,=20 heard and obeyed him. His prayer was a battle of faith because he=20 continued to believe in the fidelity of God even in times of = trial.=20 Besides, after having received in his own tent the visit of the = Lord who=20 confided his plan to him, Abraham dared to intercede for sinners = with bold=20 confidence.

537. How did Moses pray?

2574-2577
2593

The prayer of Moses was typical of contemplative prayer. God, = who=20 called to Moses from the burning bush, lingered in conversation = with him=20 often and at length, =93face to face, like a man with his = friend=94=20 (Exodus 33:11). In this intimacy with God, Moses attained = the=20 strength to intercede tenaciously for his people: his prayer thus=20 prefigured the intercession of the one mediator, Christ Jesus.

538. In the Old Testament, what = relationship do the=20 king and the temple have to prayer?

2578-2580
2594

The prayer of the People of God developed in the shadow of the = dwelling=20 place of God =96 the Ark of the Covenant, then the Temple =96 = under the=20 guidance of their shepherds. Among them there was David, the King = =93after=20 God=92s own heart,=94 the shepherd who prayed for his people. His = prayer was a=20 model for the prayer of the people because it involved clinging to = the=20 divine promise and a trust filled with love for the One who is the = only=20 King and Lord.

539. What is the role of prayer in the mission = of the=20 prophets?

2581-2584

The prophets drew from prayer the light and strength to exhort = the=20 people to faith and to conversion of heart. They entered into = great=20 intimacy with God and interceded for their brothers and sisters to = whom=20 they proclaimed what they had seen and heard from the Lord. Elijah = was the=20 father of the prophets, of those who sought the face of God. On = Mount=20 Carmel he achieved the return of the people to the faith, thanks = to the=20 intervention of God to whom he prayed: =93Answer me, O Lord, = answer me!=94=20 (1 Kings 18:37).

540. What is the importance of the Psalms in=20 prayer?

2579
2585-2589
2596-2597

The Psalms are the summit of prayer in the Old Testament: the = Word of=20 God become the prayer of man. Inseparably both personal and = communal, and=20 inspired by the Holy Spirit, this prayer sings of God=92s = marvelous deeds in=20 creation and in the history of salvation. Christ prayed the Psalms = and=20 brought them to fulfillment. Thus they remain an essential and = permanent=20 element of the prayer of the Church suited to people of every = condition=20 and time.

PRAYER IS FULLY = REVEALED AND=20 REALIZED IN JESUS

541. From whom did Jesus learn how to = pray?

2599
2620

Jesus, with his human heart, learned how to pray from his = mother and=20 from the Jewish tradition. But his prayer sprang from a more = secret source=20 because he is the eternal Son of God who in his holy humanity = offers his=20 perfect filial prayer to his Father.

542. When did Jesus pray?

2600-2604
2620

The Gospel often shows Jesus at prayer. We see him draw apart = to pray=20 in solitude, even at night. He prays before the decisive moments = of his=20 mission or that of his apostles. In fact, all his life is a prayer = because=20 he is in a constant communion of love with the Father.

543. How did Jesus pray during his = passion?

2605-2606
2620

The prayer of Jesus during his agony in the garden of = Gethsemani and=20 his last words on the cross reveal the depth of his filial prayer. = Jesus=20 brings to completion the loving plan of the Father and takes upon = himself=20 all the anguish of humanity and all the petitions and = intercessions of the=20 history of salvation. He presents them to the Father who accepts = them and=20 answers them beyond all hope by raising his Son from the dead.

544. How does Jesus teach us to pray?

2608-2614
2621

Jesus teaches us to pray not only with the Our Father = but also=20 when he prays. In this way he teaches us, in addition to the = content, the=20 dispositions necessary for every true prayer: purity of heart that = seeks=20 the Kingdom and forgives one=92s enemies, bold and filial faith = that goes=20 beyond what we feel and understand, and watchfulness that protects = the=20 disciple from temptation.

545. Why is our prayer efficacious?

2615-2616

Our prayer is efficacious because it is united in faith with = the prayer=20 of Jesus. In him Christian prayer becomes a communion of love with = the=20 Father. In this way we can present our petitions to God and be = heard: =93Ask=20 and you will receive that your joy may be full=94 (John = 16:24).

546. How did the Virgin Mary pray?

2617, 2618
2622, 2674
2679

Mary=92s prayer was characterized by faith and by the generous = offering=20 of her whole being to God. The Mother of Jesus is also the new = Eve, the=20 =93Mother of all the living=94. She prays to Jesus for the needs = of all=20 people.

547. Is there a prayer of Mary in the = Gospel?

2619

Along with the prayer of Mary at Cana in Galilee, the Gospel = gives us=20 the Magnificat (Luke 1:46-55) which is the song both = of the=20 Mother of God and of the Church, the joyous thanksgiving that = rises from=20 the hearts of the poor because their hope is met by the = fulfillment of the=20 divine promises.

PRAYER IN THE AGE OF = THE=20 CHURCH

548. How did the first Christian community in = Jerusalem=20 pray?

2623-2624

At the beginning of the Acts of the Apostles it is = written that=20 in the first community of Jerusalem, educated in the life of = prayer by the=20 Holy Spirit, the faithful =93devoted themselves to the teaching of = the=20 apostles and to the communal life, to the breaking of the bread, = and to=20 the prayers=94 (Acts 2:42).

549. How does the Holy Spirit intervene in the = Church=92s=20 prayer?

2623
2625

The Holy Spirit, the interior Master of Christian prayer, forms = the=20 Church in the life of prayer and allows her to enter ever more = deeply into=20 contemplation of and union with the unfathomable mystery of = Christ. The=20 forms of prayer expressed in the apostolic and canonical writings = remain=20 normative for Christian prayer.

550. What are the essential forms of Christian=20 prayer?

2643-2644

They are blessing and adoration, the prayer of petition and=20 intercession, thanksgiving and praise. The Eucharist contains and=20 expresses all the forms of prayer.

551. What is =93blessing=94?

2626-2627
2645

The prayer of blessing is man=92s response to God=92s gifts: we = bless the=20 Almighty who first blesses us and fills us with his gifts.

552. How can adoration be defined?

2628

Adoration is the humble acknowledgement by human beings that = they are=20 creatures of the thrice-holy Creator.

553. What are the different forms of the prayer = of=20 petition?

2629-2633
2646

It can be a petition for pardon or also a humble and trusting = petition=20 for all our needs either spiritual or material. The first thing to = ask=20 for, however, is the coming of the Kingdom.

554. In what does the prayer of = intercession=20 consist?

2634-2636
2647

Intercession consists in asking on behalf of another. It = conforms us=20 and unites us to the prayer of Jesus who intercedes with the = Father for=20 all, especially sinners. Intercession must extend even to one=92s=20 enemies.

555. When is thanksgiving given to God?

2637-2638
2648

The Church gives thanks to God unceasingly, above all in = celebrating=20 the Eucharist in which Christ allows her to participate in his own = thanksgiving to the Father. For the Christian every event becomes = a reason=20 for giving thanks.

556. What is the prayer of praise?

2639-2643
2649

Praise is that form of prayer which recognizes most immediately = that=20 God is God. It is a completely disinterested prayer: it sings = God=92s praise=20 for his own sake and gives him glory simply because he is.

CHAPTER = TWO

The Tradition of = Prayer

557. What is the importance of Tradition in = regard to=20 prayer?

2650-2651

In the Church it is through living Tradition that the Holy = Spirit=20 teaches the children of God how to pray. In fact prayer cannot be = reduced=20 to the spontaneous outpouring of an interior impulse; rather it = implies=20 contemplation, study and a grasp of the spiritual realities one=20 experiences.

AT THE WELLSPRINGS OF=20 PRAYER

558. What are the sources of Christian = prayer?

2652-2662

They are: the Word of God which gives us =93the = surpassing=20 knowledge=94 of Christ (Philippians 3:8); the Liturgy of = the=20 Church that proclaims, makes present and communicates the = mystery of=20 salvation; the theological virtues; and everyday = situations=20 because in them we can encounter God.

=93I love you, Lord, and the only = grace I ask is=20 to love you eternally. =85 My God, if my tongue cannot say in = every moment=20 that I love you, I want my heart to repeat it to you as often as = I draw=20 breath.=94 (The Cur=E9 of Ars, Saint John Mary=20 Vianney)

THE WAY OF = PRAYER

559. In the Church are there different ways = of=20 praying?

2663

In the Church there are various ways of praying that are tied = to=20 different historical, social and cultural contexts. The = Magisterium of the=20 Church has the task of discerning the fidelity of these ways of = praying to=20 the tradition of apostolic faith. It is for pastors and catechists = to=20 explain their meaning which is always related to Jesus Christ.

560. What is the way of our prayer?

2664
2680-2681

The way of our prayer is Christ because prayer is directed to = God our=20 Father but reaches him only if we pray =96 at least implicitly =96 = in the name=20 of Jesus. His humanity is in effect the only way by which the Holy = Spirit=20 teaches us to pray to our Father. Therefore liturgical prayers = conclude=20 with the formula: =93Through our Lord Jesus Christ.=94

561. What is the role of the Holy Spirit in=20 prayer?

2670-2672
2680-2681

Since the Holy Spirit is the interior Master of Christian = prayer and=20 =93we do not know how to pray as we ought=94 (Romans 8:26), = the Church=20 exhorts us to invoke him and implore him on every occasion: = =93Come, Holy=20 Spirit!=94

562. How is Christian prayer Marian?

2673-2679
2682

Because of her singular cooperation with the action of the Holy = Spirit,=20 the Church loves to pray to Mary and with Mary, the perfect = =91pray-er=92, and=20 to =93magnify=94 and invoke the Lord with her. Mary in effect = shows us the=20 =93Way=94 who is her Son, the one and only Mediator.

563. How does the Church pray to Mary?

2676-2678
2682

Above all with the Hail Mary, the prayer with which the = Church=20 asks the intercession of the Virgin. Other Marian prayers are the=20 Rosary, the Akathistos hymn, the Paraclesis, = and the=20 hymns and canticles of diverse Christian traditions.

GUIDES FOR = PRAYER

564. How are the saints guides for = prayer?

2683-2684
2692-2693

The saints are our models of prayer. We also ask them to = intercede=20 before the Holy Trinity for us and for the whole world. Their = intercession=20 is their most exalted service to God=92s plan. In the communion of = saints,=20 throughout the history of the Church, there have developed = different types=20 of spiritualities that teach us how to live and to practice = the way=20 of prayer.

565. Who can educate us in prayer?

2685-2690
2694-2695

The Christian family is the first place of education in prayer. = Daily=20 family prayer is particularly recommended because it is the first = witness=20 to the life of prayer in the Church. Catechesis, prayer groups, = and=20 =93spiritual direction=94 constitute a school of and a help to = prayer.

566. What places are conducive to = prayer?

2691
2696

One can pray anywhere but the choice of an appropriate place is = not a=20 matter of indifference when it comes to prayer. The church is the = proper=20 place for liturgical prayer and Eucharistic adoration. Other = places also=20 help one to pray, such as a =93prayer corner=94 at home, a = monastery or a=20 shrine.

CHAPTER = THREE

The=20 Life of Prayer

567. What times are more suitable for = prayer?

2697-2698
2720

Any time is suitable for prayer but the Church proposes to the = faithful=20 certain rhythms of praying intended to nourish continual prayer: = morning=20 and evening prayer, prayer before and after meals, the Liturgy of = the=20 Hours, Sunday Eucharist, the Rosary, and feasts of the liturgical=20 year.

=93We must remember God more often = than we draw=20 breath.=94 (Saint Gregory of = Nazianzus)

568. What are the expressions of the life of = prayer?

2697-2699

Christian tradition has preserved three forms for expressing = and living=20 prayer: vocal prayer, meditation, and contemplative prayer. The = feature=20 common to all of them is the recollection of the heart.

EXPRESSIONS OF=20 PRAYER

569. How can vocal prayer be described?

2700-2704
2722

Vocal prayer associates the body with the interior prayer of = the heart.=20 Even the most interior prayer, however, cannot dispense with vocal = prayer.=20 In any case it must always spring from a personal faith. With the = Our=20 Father Jesus has taught us a perfect form of vocal prayer.

570. What is meditation?

2705-2708
2723

Meditation is a prayerful reflection that begins above all in = the Word=20 of God in the Bible. Meditation engages thought, imagination, = emotion and=20 desire in order to deepen our faith, convert our heart and fortify = our=20 will to follow Christ. It is a first step toward the union of love = with=20 our Lord.

571. What is contemplative prayer?

2709-2719
2724
2739-2741

Contemplative prayer is a simple gaze upon God in silence and = love. It=20 is a gift of God, a moment of pure faith during which the one = praying=20 seeks Christ, surrenders himself to the loving will of the Father, = and=20 places his being under the action of the Holy Spirit. Saint Teresa = of=20 Avila defines contemplative prayer as the intimate sharing of = friendship,=20 =93in which time is frequently taken to be alone with God who we = know loves=20 us.=94

THE BATTLE OF = PRAYER

572. Why is prayer a =93battle=94?

2725

Prayer is a gift of grace but it always presupposes a = determined=20 response on our part because those who pray =93battle=94 against = themselves,=20 their surroundings, and especially the Tempter who does all he can = to turn=20 them away from prayer. The battle of prayer is inseparable from = progress=20 in the spiritual life. We pray as we live because we live as we = pray.

573. Are there objections to prayer?

2726-2728
2752-2753

Along with erroneous notions of prayer, many think they do not = have the=20 time to pray or that praying is useless. Those who pray can be = discouraged=20 in the face of difficulties and apparent lack of success. = Humility, trust=20 and perseverance are necessary to overcome these obstacles.

574. What are the difficulties in = prayer?

2729-2733
2754-2755

Distraction is a habitual difficulty in our prayer. = It=20 takes our attention away from God and can also reveal what we are = attached=20 to. Our heart therefore must humbly turn to the Lord. Prayer is = often=20 affected by dryness. Overcoming this difficulty allows us = to cling=20 to the Lord in faith, even without any feeling of consolation.=20 Acedia is a form of spiritual laziness due to relaxed = vigilance and=20 a lack of custody of the heart.

575. How may we strengthen our filial = trust?

2734-2741
2756

Filial trust is tested when we think we are not heard. We must=20 therefore ask ourselves if we think God is truly a Father whose = will we=20 seek to fulfill, or simply a means to obtain what we want. If our = prayer=20 is united to that of Jesus, we know that he gives us much more = than this=20 or that gift. We receive the Holy Spirit who transforms our = heart.

576. Is it possible to pray always?

2742-2745
2757

Praying is always possible because the time of the Christian is = the=20 time of the risen Christ who remains =93with us always=94 = (Matthew=20 28:20). Prayer and Christian life are therefore inseparable:

=93It is possible to offer frequent = and fervent=20 prayer even at the market place or strolling alone. It is = possible also=20 in your place of business, while buying or selling, or even = while=20 cooking.=94 (Saint John Chrysostom)

577. What is the prayer of the Hour of=20 Jesus?

2604
2746-2751
2758

It is called the priestly prayer of Jesus at the Last Supper. = Jesus,=20 the High Priest of the New Covenant, addresses it to his Father = when the=20 hour of his sacrifice, the hour of his =93passing = over=94 to him=20 is approaching.

Section Two
The=20 Lord=92s Prayer: =93Our Father=94

Our Father

Our Father who art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name.
Thy = kingdom=20 come.
Thy will be done
on earth, as it is in = heaven.
Give us=20 this day
our daily bread,
and forgive us our trespasses, =
as we=20 forgive those who trespass against us,
and lead us not into=20 temptation,
but deliver us from evil.

Pater Noster

Pater noster, qui es in=20 c=E6lis:
sanctific=E9tur Nomen Tuum:
adv=E9niat Regnum = Tuum:
fiat=20 vol=FAntas Tua,
sicut in c=E6lo, et in terra.
Panem nostrum=20
cotidi=E1num da nobis h=F3die,
et dim=EDtte nobis d=E9bita = nostra, =20
sicut et nos
dim=EDttimus debit=F3ribus nostris.
et ne = nos ind=FAcas=20 in tentati=F3nem;
sed l=EDbera nos a Malo.

578. What is the origin of the Our=20 Father?

2759-2760
2773

Jesus taught us this Christian prayer for which there is no = substitute,=20 the Our Father, on the day on which one of his disciples = saw him=20 praying and asked him, =93Lord, teach us to pray=94 (Luke = 11:1). The=20 Church=92s liturgical tradition has always used the text of Saint = Matthew=20 (6:9-13).

=93THE SUMMARY OF THE = WHOLE=20 GOSPEL=94

579. What is the place of the Our Father = in the=20 Scriptures?

2761-2764
2774

The Our Father is the =93summary of the whole Gospel=94=20 (Tertullian), =93the perfect prayer=94 (Saint Thomas Aquinas). = Found in the=20 middle of the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5-7), it = presents in the=20 form of prayer the essential content of the Gospel.

580. Why is it called the =93Lord=92s = Prayer=94?

2765-2766
2775

The Our Father is called the =93Oratio Dominica=94, that = is, the=20 Lord=92s Prayer because it was taught to us by the Lord Jesus = himself.

581. What place does the Our Father have = in the=20 prayer of the Church?

2767-2772
2776

The Lord=92s Prayer is the prayer of the Church par=20 excellence. It is =93handed on=94 in Baptism to signify the = new birth of=20 the children of God into the divine life. The full meaning of the = Our=20 Father is revealed in the eucharist since its petitions are = based on=20 the mystery of salvation already accomplished, petitions that will = be=20 fully heard at the coming of the Lord. The Our Father is an = integral part of the Liturgy of the Hours.

=93OUR FATHER WHO ART = IN=20 HEAVEN=94

582. Why can we dare to draw near to God in full = confidence?

2777-2778
2797

Because Jesus, our Redeemer, brings us into the Father=92s = presence and=20 his Spirit makes us his children. We are thus able to pray the = Our=20 Father with simple and filial trust, with joyful assurance and = humble=20 boldness, with the certainty of being loved and heard.

583. How is it possible to address God as=20 =93Father=94?

2779-2785
2789
2798-2800

We can invoke the =93Father=94 because the Son of God made man = has revealed=20 him to us and because his Spirit makes him known to us. The = invocation,=20 Father, lets us enter into his mystery with an ever new sense of = wonder=20 and awakens in us the desire to act as his children. When we pray = the=20 Lord=92s Prayer, we are therefore aware of our being sons of the = Father in=20 the Son.

584. Why do we say =93our=94 Father?

2786-2790
2801

=93Our=94 expresses a totally new relationship with God. = When we pray=20 to the Father, we adore and glorify him with the Son and the Holy = Spirit.=20 In Christ we are =93his=94 people and he is =93our=94 God now and = for eternity. In=20 fact, we also say =93our=94 Father because the Church of Christ is = the=20 communion of a multitude of brothers and sisters who have but = =93one heart=20 and mind=94 (Acts 4:32).

585. With what spirit of communion and mission = do we=20 pray to God as =93our=94 Father?

2791-2793
2801

Since praying to =93our=94 Father is a common blessing for the = baptized, we=20 feel an urgent summons to join in Jesus=92 prayer for the unity of = his=20 disciples. To pray the =93Our Father=94 is to pray with all people = and for all=20 people that they may know the one true God and be gathered into = unity.

586. What does the phrase =93Who art in = heaven=94=20 mean?

2794-2796
2802

This biblical expression does not indicate a place but a way of = being:=20 God transcends everything. The expression refers to the majesty, = the=20 holiness of God, and also to his presence in the hearts of the = just.=20 Heaven, or the Father=92s house, constitutes our true homeland = toward which=20 we are moving in hope while we are still on earth. =93Hidden with = Christ in=20 God=94 (Colossians 3:3), we live already in this = homeland.

THE SEVEN = PETITIONS

587. What is the structure of the Lord=92s = Prayer?

2803-2806
2857

It contains seven petitions made to God the Father. The first = three,=20 more God-centered, draw us toward him for his glory; it is = characteristic=20 of love to think first of the beloved. These petitions suggest in=20 particular what we ought to ask of him: the sanctification of his = Name,=20 the coming of his Kingdom, and the fulfillment of his will. The = last four=20 petitions present to the Father of mercies our wretchedness and = our=20 expectations. They ask him to feed us, to forgive us, to sustain = us in=20 temptations, and to free us from the Evil One.

588. What does =93Hallowed be thy Name=94 = mean?

2807-2812
2858

To hallow or make holy the Name of God is above all a prayer of = praise=20 that acknowledges God as holy. In fact, God revealed his holy Name = to=20 Moses and wanted his people to be consecrated for him as a = holy=20 nation in which he would dwell.

589. How is the Name of God made holy in us and = in the=20 world?

2813-2815

To make holy the Name of God, who calls us =93to holiness=94 = (1=20 Thessalonians 4:7) is to desire that our baptismal = consecration=20 animate our whole life. In addition, it is to ask =96with our = lives and our=20 prayers =96 that the Name of God be known and blessed by every = man.

590. What does the Church ask for when she prays = =93Thy=20 Kingdom come=94?

2816-2821
2859

The Church prays for the final coming of the Kingdom of God = through=20 Christ=92s return in glory. The Church prays also that the Kingdom = of God=20 increase from now on through people=92s sanctification in the = Spirit and=20 through their commitment to the service of justice and peace in = keeping=20 with the Beatitudes. This petition is the cry of the Spirit and = the Bride:=20 =93Come, Lord Jesus=94 (Revelation 22:20).

591. Why pray =93Thy will be done on earth as it = is in=20 heaven=94?

2822-2827
2860

The will of the Father is that =93all men be saved=94 (1 = Timothy=20 2:4). For this Jesus came: to perfectly fulfill the saving will of = his=20 Father. We pray God our Father to unite our will to that of his = Son after=20 the example of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the saints. We ask that = this=20 loving plan be fully realized on earth as it is already in heaven. = It is=20 through prayer that we can discern =93what is the will of God=94=20 (Romans 12:2) and have the =93steadfastness to do it=94 = (Hebrews=20 10:36).

592. What is the sense of the petition =93Give = us this day=20 our daily bread=94?

2828-2834
2861

Asking God with the filial trust of children for the daily = nourishment=20 which is necessary for us all we recognize how good God is, beyond = all=20 goodness. We ask also for the grace to know how to act so that = justice and=20 solidarity may allow the abundance of some to remedy the needs of = others.=20

593. What is the specifically Christian sense of = this=20 petition?

2835-2837
2861

Since =93man does not live by bread alone but by every word = that comes=20 from the mouth of God=94 (Matthew 4:4), this petition = equally applies=20 to hunger for the Word of God and for the Body of = Christ=20 received in the Eucharist as well as hunger for the Holy Spirit. = We ask=20 this with complete confidence for this day =96 God=92s = =93today=94 =96 and=20 this is given to us above all in the Eucharist which anticipates = the=20 banquet of the Kingdom to come.

594. Why do we say =93Forgive us our trespasses = as we=20 forgive those who trespass against us=94?

2838-2839
2862

By asking God the Father to pardon us, we acknowledge before = him that=20 we are sinners. At the same time we proclaim his mercy because in = his Son=20 and through the sacraments =93we have redemption, the forgiveness = of sins=94=20 (Colossians 1:14). Still our petition will be answered only = if we=20 for our part have forgiven first.

595. How is forgiveness possible?

2840-2845
2862

Mercy can penetrate our hearts only if we ourselves learn how = to=20 forgive =96 even our enemies. Now even if it seems impossible for = us to=20 satisfy this requirement, the heart that offers itself to the Holy = Spirit=20 can, like Christ, love even to love=92s extreme; it can turn = injury into=20 compassion and transform hurt into intercession. Forgiveness = participates=20 in the divine mercy and is a high-point of Christian prayer.

596. What does =93Lead us not into temptation=94 = mean?

2846-2849
2863

We ask God our Father not to leave us alone and in the power of = temptation. We ask the Holy Spirit to help us know how to discern, = on the=20 one hand, between a trial that makes us grow in goodness = and a=20 temptation that leads to sin and death and, on the other = hand,=20 between being tempted and consenting to temptation. = This=20 petition unites us to Jesus who overcame temptation by his prayer. = It=20 requests the grace of vigilance and of final perseverance.

597. Why do we conclude by asking =93But deliver = us from=20 evil=94?

2850-2854
2864

=93Evil=94 indicates the person of Satan who opposes God and is = =93the=20 deceiver of the whole world=94 (Revelation 12:9). Victory = over the=20 devil has already been won by Christ. We pray, however, that the = human=20 family be freed from Satan and his works. We also ask for the = precious=20 gift of peace and the grace of perseverance as we wait for the = coming of=20 Christ who will free us definitively from the Evil One.

598. What is the meaning of the final=20 Amen?

2855-2856
2865

=93At the end of the prayer, you say = =91Amen=92 and=20 thus you ratify by this word that means =91so be it=92 all that = is contained=20 in this prayer that God has taught us.=94 (Saint Cyril of=20 Jerusalem)

APPENDIX

A)=20 COMMON PRAYERS

The Sign of the Cross

In the name of the Father
and of the Son
and of the = Holy=20 Spirit. Amen.

Signum Crucis

In n=F3mine Patris
et F=EDlii
et Sp=EDritus Sancti. = Amen.

Glory be to the = Father

Glory be to the Father
and to the Son
and to the = Holy=20 Spirit,
as it was in the beginning
is now, and ever = shall=20 be
world without end. Amen.

Gloria Patri

Gl=F3ria Patri
et F=EDlio
et Spir=EDtui = Sancto.
Sicut erat in=20 princ=EDpio,
et nunc et semper
et in s=E6=B4cula = s=E6cul=F3rum.=20 Amen.

The Hail Mary

Hail, Mary, full of grace,
the Lord is with = thee.
Blessed=20 art thou among women
and blessed is the fruit of thy = womb,=20 Jesus.
Holy Mary, Mother of God,
pray for us = sinners,
now=20 and at the hour of our death.
Amen.

Ave, Maria

Ave, Mar=EDa, gr=E1tia plena,
D=F3minus = tecum.
Bened=EDcta tu in=20 muli=E9ribus,
et bened=EDctus fructus ventris tui, = Iesus.
Sancta=20 Mar=EDa, Mater Dei,
ora pro nobis peccat=F3ribus,
nunc = et in hora=20 mortis nostr=E6.
Amen.

Angel of God

Angel of God,
my guardian dear,
to whom God=92s = love commits=20 me here,
ever this day be at my side,
to light and = guard, to=20 rule and guide.
Amen.

Angele Dei

=C1ngele Dei,
qui custos es mei,
me, tibi = comm=EDssum piet=E1te=20 sup=E9rna,
ill=FAmina, cust=F3di,
rege et = gub=E9rna.
Amen.

Eternal Rest

Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord,
and let = perpetual light=20 shine upon them.
May they rest in peace. Amen.

Requiem =C6ternam

R=E9quiem =E6t=E9rnam dona eis, D=F3mine,
et lux = perp=E9tua l=FAceat=20 eis.
Requi=E9scant in pace. Amen.

The Angelus

V. The Angel of the Lord declared unto Mary.
R. = And she=20 conceived of the Holy Spirit.

Hail, Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with = thee.
Blessed art=20 thou among women,
and blessed is the fruit of thy womb,=20 Jesus.
Holy Mary, Mother of God,
pray for us = sinners,
now=20 and at the hour of our death. Amen.

V. Behold the handmaid of the Lord.
R. Be it = done unto=20 me according to thy word.
Hail Mary.

V. And the Word was made flesh.
R. And dwelt = among=20 us.
Hail Mary.

V. Pray for us, O holy Mother of God.
R. That = we may be=20 made worthy of the promises of Christ.

Let us pray;

Pour forth, we beseech thee, O Lord, thy grace into our = hearts;=20 that we, to whom the Incarnation of Christ, thy Son, was = made known=20 by the message of an angel, may by his Passion and Cross be = brought=20 to the glory of his Resurrection. Through the same Christ, = our Lord.=20
Amen.

Glory be to the Father...

Angelus Domini

=C1ngelus D=F3mini nunti=E1vit Mar=ED=E6.
Et = conc=E9pit de Sp=EDritu=20 Sancto.

Ave, Mar=EDa...

Ecce anc=EDlla D=F3mini.
Fiat mihi sec=FAndum = verbum=20 tuum.

Ave, Mar=EDa...

Et Verbum caro factum est.
Et habit=E1vit in = nobis.

Ave, Mar=EDa...

Ora pro nobis, sancta Dei g=E9netrix.
Ut digni = effici=E1mur=20 promissi=F3nibus Christi.

Or=E9mus.

Gr=E1tiam tuam, qu=E6sumus,
D=F3mine, m=E9ntibus = nostris=20 inf=FAnde;
ut qui, =C1ngelo nunti=E1nte,
Christi = F=EDlii tui=20 incarnati=F3nem cogn=F3vimus,
per passi=F3nem eius et = crucem,
ad=20 resurrecti=F3nis gl=F3riam perduc=E1mur.

Per e=FAndem Christum D=F3minum nostrum. Amen.

Gl=F3ria Patri...

The Regina Caeli

UK VERSION

Queen of heaven, rejoice, alleluia!
for he whom you = were=20 worthy to bear, alleluia!
has risen as he said, = alleluia!
Pray=20 for us to God, alleluia!

USA VERSION

Queen of heaven, rejoice, alleluia.
The Son whom you = merited=20 to bear, alleluia,
has risen as he said, = alleluia.
Rejoice and=20 be glad, O Virgin Mary, alleluia!
For the Lord has truly = risen,=20 alleluia.

THEN FOR BOTH VERSIONS

Let us pray;

O God, who through the resurrection of your Son, our Lord = Jesus=20 Christ, did vouchsafe to give joy to the world; grant, we = beseech=20 you, that through his Mother, the Virgin Mary, we may obtain = the=20 joys of everlasting life. Through the same Christ our Lord.=20 Amen.

Regina C=E6li

Reg=EDna c=E6li l=E6t=E1re, allel=FAia.
Quia = quem meru=EDsti=20 port=E1re, allel=FAia.

Resurr=E9xit, sicut dixit, allel=FAia.
Ora pro = nobis Deum,=20 allel=FAia.

Gaude et l=E6t=E1re, Virgo Mar=EDa, = allel=FAia.
Quia surr=E9xit=20 D=F3minus vere, allel=FAia.

Or=E9mus.

Deus, qui per resurrecti=F3nem F=EDlii tui D=F3mini = nostri Iesu Christi=20 mundum l=E6tific=E1re dign=E1tus es, pr=E6sta, qu=E6sumus, = ut per eius=20 Genetr=EDcem V=EDrginem Mar=EDam perp=E9tu=E6 capi=E1mus = g=E1udia vit=E6.
Per=20 Christum D=F3minum nostrum. Amen.

Hail Holy Queen

UK = VERSION=20

Hail, Holy Queen, Mother of Mercy,
Hail our life, our = sweetness and our hope!
To thee do we cry, poor banished = children of Eve.
To thee do we send up our sighs, = mourning and=20 weeping in this valley of tears! Turn, then, most gracious = Advocate,=20
thine eyes of mercy toward us,
and after this, our=20 exile,
show unto us the blessed fruit of thy womb, Jesus. =
O=20 clement, O loving,
O sweet Virgin Mary.

USA VERSION

Hail, Holy Queen, Mother of Mercy,
our life, our = sweetness=20 and our hope.
To you do we cry,
poor banished children = of Eve.=20
To you do we send up our sighs,
mourning and weeping = in this=20 valley of tears
Turn then, most gracious = advocate,
your eyes=20 of mercy toward us,
and after this exile
show unto us = the=20 blessed fruit of thy womb,
Jesus.
O clement, O loving, =
O=20 sweet Virgin Mary.

Salve, Regina

Salve, Reg=EDna,
Mater miseric=F3rdi=E6,
vita, = dulc=E9do et spes=20 nostra, salve.
Ad te clam=E1mus,
=E9xsules f=EDlii = Ev=E6.
Ad te=20 suspir=E1mus gem=E9ntes et flentes
in hac lacrim=E1rum = valle.
Eia=20 ergo, advoc=E1ta nostra,
illos tuos miseric=F3rdes = =F3culos
ad nos=20 conv=E9rte.
Et Iesum bened=EDctum fructum ventris = tui,
nobis, post=20 hoc exs=EDlium, ost=E9nde.
O clemens, o pia, o dulcis = Virgo=20 Mar=EDa!

The Magnificat

UK VERSION

My soul glorifies the Lord,
My spirit rejoices in God = my=20 Saviour.
He looks on his servant in her = lowliness;
Henceforth=20 all generations will call me blessed.
The Almighty works = marvels=20 for me.
Holy his name!
His mercy is from age to age, =
on=20 those who fear him.
He puts forth his arm in = strength
And=20 scatters the proud hearted.
He casts the mighty from = their=20 thrones
And raises the lowly.
He fills the starving = with good=20 things,
Sends the rich away empty.
He protects Israel, = his=20 servant,
remembering his mercy,
the mercy promised to = our=20 fathers,
to Abraham and his sons for ever.
Glory be to = the=20 Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit,
as it was = in the=20 beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. = Amen.

USA VERSION

My soul proclaims the greatness of the Lord,
my spirit = rejoices in God my Savior,
for he has looked with favor = on his=20 lowly servant.
From this day all generations will call me = blessed:
the Almighty has done great things for = me,
and holy=20 is his Name.
He has mercy on those who fear him
in = every=20 generation.
He has shown the strength of his arm,
he = has=20 scattered the proud in their conceit.
He has cast down = the mighty=20 from their thrones,
and has lifted up the lowly.
He = has filled=20 the hungry with good things,
and the rich he has sent = away=20 empty.
He has come to the help of his servant = Israel
for he=20 has remembered his promise of mercy,
the promise he made = to our=20 fathers,
to Abraham and his children forever.
Glory to = the=20 Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit,
as it was = in the=20 beginning, is now, and will be forever. Amen.

Magnificat

Magn=EDficat =E1nima mea D=F3minum,
et exsult=E1vit = sp=EDritus=20 meus
in Deo salvat=F3re meo,
quia resp=E9xit=20 humilit=E1tem
anc=EDll=E6 su=E6.

Ecce enim ex hoc be=E1tam
me dicent omnes = generati=F3nes,
quia=20 fecit mihi magna,
qui potens est,
et sanctum nomen = eius,
et=20 miseric=F3rdia eius in prog=E9nies
et prog=E9nies = tim=E9ntibus=20 eum.
Fecit pot=E9ntiam in br=E1chio suo,
disp=E9rsit = sup=E9rbos mente=20 cordis sui;
dep=F3suit pot=E9ntes de sede
et = exalt=E1vit=20 h=FAmiles.
Esuri=E9ntes impl=E9vit bonis
et d=EDvites = dim=EDsit=20 in=E1nes.
Susc=E9pit =CDsrael p=FAerum = suum,
record=E1tus=20 miseric=F3rdi=E6,
sicut loc=FAtus est ad patres = nostros,
=C1braham et=20 s=E9mini eius in s=E6cula.
Gl=F3ria Patri et = F=EDlio
et Spir=EDtui=20 Sancto.
Sicut erat in princ=EDpio,
et nunc et = semper,
et in=20 s=E6cula s=E6cul=F3rum.
Amen.

Under Your Protection

We fly to thy protection,
O holy Mother of = God.
Despise=20 not our petitions
in our necessities,
but deliver us = always=20
from all dangers
O glorious and blessed = Virgin.

Sub tuum pr=E6sidium

Sub tuum pr=E6s=EDdium conf=FAgimus,
sancta Dei = G=E9netrix;
nostras=20 deprecati=F3nes ne desp=EDcias
in = necessit=E1tibus;
sed a per=EDculis=20 cunctis
l=EDbera nos semper,
Virgo glori=F3sa et = bened=EDcta.

The Benedictus

UK VERSION

Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel!
He has visited = his=20 people and redeemed them.
He has raised up for us a = mighty=20 saviour
In the house of David his servant,
As he = promised by=20 the lips of holy men,
Those who were his prophets from of = old.
A saviour who would free us from our foes,
From = the hands=20 of all who hate us.
So his love for our fathers is=20 fulfilled
And his holy covenant remembered.
He swore = to=20 Abraham our father to grant us,
that free from fear, and = saved=20 from the hands of our foes,
we might serve him in = holiness and=20 justice
all the days of our life in his presence.
As = for you,=20 little child, you shall be called a prophet of God, the Most = High.
You shall go ahead of the Lord
To prepare his = ways=20 before him.
To make known to his people their=20 salvation
Through forgiveness of all their sins,
The=20 loving-kindness of the heart of our God
Who visits us = like the=20 dawn from on high.
He will give light to those in=20 darkness,
Those who dwell in the shadow of death,
And = guide us=20 into the way of peace.
Glory be to the Father and to the = Son and=20 to the Holy Spirit,
as it was in the beginning, is now, = and ever=20 shall be, world without end. Amen.

USA VERSION

Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel;
he has come to = his=20 people and set them free.
He has raised up for us a = mighty=20 savior,
born of the house of his servant = David.
Through his=20 holy prophets he promised of old
that he would save us = from our=20 enemies,
from the hands of all who hate us.
He = promised to=20 show mercy to our fathers
and to remember his holy=20 covenant.
This was the oath he swore to our=20 father
Abraham:
to set us free from the hands of our=20 enemies,
free to worship him without fear,
holy and = righteous=20 in his sight all the days of our life.
You, my child, = shall be=20 called the prophet of the Most High;
for you will go = before the=20 Lord to prepare his way,
to give his people knowledge of=20 salvation
by the forgiveness of their sins.
In the = tender=20 compassion of our God
the dawn from on high shall break = upon=20 us,
to shine on those who dwell in darkness and the = shadow of=20 death,
and to guide our feet into the way of = peace.
Glory to=20 the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit,
as it = was in=20 the beginning, is now, and will be forever. Amen.

Benedictus

Bened=EDctus D=F3minus, Deus =CDsrael,
quia = visit=E1vit
et fecit=20 redempti=F3nem plebi su=E6,
et er=E9xit cornu sal=FAtis = nobis
in domo=20 David p=FAeri sui,
sicut loc=FAtus est per os = sanct=F3rum,
qui a=20 s=E6culo sunt, prophet=E1rum eius,
sal=FAtem ex = inim=EDcis nostris
et=20 de manu =F3mnium,
qui od=E9runt nos;
ad faci=E9ndam=20 miseric=F3rdiam
cum p=E1tribus nostris
et memor=E1ri = testam=E9nti sui=20 sancti,
iusiur=E1ndum, quod iur=E1vit
ad =C1braham = patrem=20 nostrum,
dat=FArum se nobis,
ut sine tim=F3re,
de = manu=20 inimic=F3rum liber=E1ti,
servi=E1mus illi
in = sanctit=E1te et iust=EDtia=20 coram ipso
=F3mnibus di=E9bus nostris.
Et tu, = puer,
proph=E9ta=20 Alt=EDssimi voc=E1beris:
pr=E6=EDbis enim ante f=E1ciem = D=F3mini
par=E1re=20 vias eius,
ad dandam sci=E9ntiam sal=FAtis
plebi = eius
in=20 remissi=F3nem peccat=F3rum e=F3rum,
per v=EDscera = miseric=F3rdi=E6 Dei=20 nostri,
in quibus visit=E1bit nos =F3riens ex = alto,
illumin=E1re=20 his, qui in t=E9nebris
et in umbra mortis sedent,
ad = dirig=E9ndos=20 pedes nostros
in viam pacis.
Gl=F3ria Patri et = F=EDlio
et=20 Spir=EDtui Sancto.
Sicut erat in princ=EDpio,
et = nunc
et=20 semper,
et in s=E6cula s=E6cul=F3rum. Amen.

The Te Deum

UK VERSION

We praise you, O God:
We acclaim you as = Lord.
Everlasting=20 Father,
All the world bows down before you.
All the = angels=20 sing your praise,
The hosts of heaven and all the angelic = powers,
All the cherubim and seraphim
Call out to you = in=20 unending song:
Holy, Holy, Holy,
Is the Lord God of = angel=20 hosts!
The heavens and the earth are filled
With your = majesty=20 and glory.
The glorious band of apostles,
The noble = company of=20 prophets,
The white-robed army who shed their blood for=20 Christ,
All sing your praise.
And to the ends of the=20 earth
Your holy Church proclaims her faith in = you:
Father,=20 whose majesty is boundless,
Your true and only son, who = is to be=20 adored,
The Holy Spirit sent to be our Advocate.
You, = Christ,=20 are the king of glory,
Son of the eternal Father.
When = you=20 took our nature to save mankind
You did not shrink from = birth in=20 the Virgin=92s womb.
You overcame the power of = death
Opening the=20 Father=92s kingdom to all who believe in you.
Enthroned = at God=92s=20 right hand in the glory of the Father,
You will come in = judgement=20 according to your promise.
You redeemed your people by = your=20 precious blood.
Coe, we implore you, to our aid.
Grant = us with=20 the saints
a place in eternal glory.
Lord, save your=20 people
And bless your inheritance.
Rule them and = uphold=20 them
For ever and ever.
Day by day we praise = you:
We=20 acclaim you now and to all eternity.
In your goodness, = Lord, keep=20 us free from sin.
Have mercy on us, Lord, have = mercy.
May your=20 mercy always be with us, Lord,
For we have hoped in = you.
In=20 you, Lord, we put our trust:
We shall not be put to = shame.

USA VERSION

You are God: we praise you;
You are God: we acclaim=20 you;
You are the eternal Father:
All creation worships = you.
To you all angels, all the powers of = heaven,
Cherubim and=20 Seraphim, sing in endless praise:
Holy, holy, holy, Lord, = God of=20 power and might,
Heaven and earth are full of your = glory.
The=20 glorious company of apostles praise you.
The noble = fellowship of=20 prophets praise you.
The white-robed army of martyrs = praise=20 you.
Throughout the world the holy Church acclaims=20 you:
Father, of majesty unbounded,
Your true and only = Son,=20 worthy of all worship,
And the Holy Spirit, advocate and=20 guide.
You, Christ, are the king of glory,
The eternal = Son of=20 the Father.
When you became man to set us free
You did = not=20 spurn the Virgin=92s womb.
You overcame the sting of = death,
And=20 opened the kingdom of heaven to all believers.
You are = seated at=20 God=92s right hand in glory.
We believe that you will = come, and be=20 our judge.
Come then, Lord, and help your = people,
Bought with=20 the price of your own blood,
And bring us with your = saints
To=20 glory everlasting.
Save your people, Lord, and bless your = inheritance.
Govern and uphold them now and = always.
Day by day=20 we bless you.
We praise your name forever.
Keep us = today,=20 Lord, from all sin.
Have mercy on us, Lord, have = mercy.
Lord,=20 show us your love and mercy;
For we put our trust in = you.
In=20 you, Lord, is our hope:
And we shall never hope in = vain.

Te Deum

Te Deum laud=E1mus:
te D=F3minum confit=E9mur.
Te = =E6t=E9rnum=20 Patrem,
omnis terra vener=E1tur.
tibi omnes = =E1ngeli,
tibi c=E6li=20 et univ=E9rs=E6 potest=E1tes:
tibi ch=E9rubim et = s=E9raphim
incess=E1bili=20 voce procl=E1mant:
Sanctus, Sanctus, = Sanctus,
D=F3minus Deus=20 S=E1baoth.
Pleni sunt c=E6li et terra
maiest=E1tis = gl=F3ri=E6 tu=E6.
Te=20 glori=F3sus
apostol=F3rum chorus,
te = prophet=E1rum
laud=E1bilis=20 n=FAmerus,
te m=E1rtyrum candid=E1tus
laudat = ex=E9rcitus.
Te per=20 orbem terr=E1rum
sancta confit=E9tur = Eccl=E9sia,
Patrem imm=E9ns=E6=20 maiest=E1tis;
vener=E1ndum tuum verum
et =FAnicum = F=EDlium;
Sanctum=20 quoque
Par=E1clitum Sp=EDritum.
Tu rex gl=F3ri=E6, = Christe.
Tu=20 Patris sempit=E9rnus es F=EDlius.
Tu, ad liber=E1ndum=20 suscept=FArus
h=F3minem,
non horru=EDsti V=EDrginis = =FAterum.
Tu,=20 dev=EDcto mortis ac=FAleo,
aperu=EDsti cred=E9ntibus = regna c=E6l=F3rum.
Tu=20 ad d=E9xteram Dei sedes,
in gl=F3ria Patris.
Iudex = cr=E9deris esse=20 vent=FArus.
Te ergo qu=E6sumus,
tuis f=E1mulis = s=FAbveni,
quos=20 preti=F3so s=E1nguine redem=EDsti.
=C6t=E9rna fac cum = sanctis tuis
in=20 gl=F3ria numer=E1ri.
Salvum fac p=F3pulum tuum, = D=F3mine,
et b=E9nedic=20 heredit=E1ti tu=E6.
Et rege eos, et ext=F3lle = illos
usque in=20 =E6t=E9rnum.
Per s=EDngulos dies bened=EDcimus te;
et = laud=E1mus nomen=20 tuum
in s=E6culum, et in s=E6culum = s=E6culi.
Dign=E1re, D=F3mine,
die=20 isto sine pecc=E1to nos custod=EDre.
Miser=E9re nostri, = D=F3mine,=20 miser=E9re nostri.
Fiat miseric=F3rdia tua,
D=F3mine, = super=20 nos,
quem=E1dmodum sper=E1vimus in te.
In te, = D=F3mine,=20 sper=E1vi:
non conf=FAndar in =E6t=E9rnum.

Come, Creator Spirit

Come, Holy Spirit, Creator come,
From your bright = heavenly=20 throne!
Come, take possession of our souls,
And make = them all=20 your own.
You who are called the Paraclete,
Best gift = of God=20 above,
The living spring, the living fire,
Sweet = unction, and=20 true love!
You who are sevenfold in your grace, =
Finger of=20 God's right hand,
His promise, teaching little ones
To = speak=20 and understand!
O guide our minds with your blessed = light,=20
With love our hearts inflame,
And with your strength = which=20 never decays
Confirm our mortal frame.
Far from us = drive our=20 hellish foe
True peace unto us bring,
And through all = perils=20 guide us safe
Beneath your sacred wing.
Through you = may we the=20 Father know,
Through you the eternal Son
And you the = Spirit of=20 them both
Thrice-blessed three in one.
All glory to = the Father=20 be,
And to the risen Son;
The same to you, O=20 Paraclete,
While endless ages run. Amen.

Veni, Creator Spiritus

Veni, cre=E1tor Sp=EDritus,
mentes tu=F3rum = v=EDsita,
imple sup=E9rna=20 gr=E1tia,
qu=E6 tu cre=E1sti p=E9ctora.
Qui d=EDceris=20 Par=E1clitus,
alt=EDssimi donum Dei,
fons vivus, = ignis,=20 c=E1ritas,
et spirit=E1lis =FAnctio.
Tu septif=F3rmis=20 m=FAnere,
d=EDgitus pat=E9rn=E6 d=E9xter=E6,
tu rite = prom=EDssum=20 Patris,
serm=F3ne ditans g=FAttura.
Acc=E9nde lumen=20 s=E9nsibus,
inf=FAnde am=F3rem c=F3rdibus,
inf=EDrma = nostri=20 c=F3rporis
virt=FAte firmans p=E9rpeti.
Hostem = rep=E9llas=20 l=F3ngius
pac=E9mque dones pr=F3tinus;
duct=F3re sic = te=20 pr=E6vio
vit=E9mus omne n=F3xium.
Per Te sci=E1mus da=20 Patrem
nosc=E1mus atque F=EDlium,
teque utri=FAsque=20 Sp=EDritum
cred=E1mus omni t=E9mpore.
Deo Patri sit = gl=F3ria,
et=20 F=EDlio, qui a m=F3rtuis
surr=E9xit, ac = Par=E1clito,
in s=E6cul=F3rum=20 s=E6cula. Amen.

Come, Holy Spirit

Come, Holy Spirit, come!
And from your celestial = home
Shed=20 a ray of light divine!
Come, Father of the poor!
Come, = source=20 of all our store!
Come, within our bosoms shine.
You, = of=20 comforters the best;
You, the soul=92s most welcome = guest;
Sweet=20 refreshment here below;
In our labor, rest most=20 sweet;
Grateful coolness in the heat;
Solace in the = midst of=20 woe.
O most blessed Light divine,
Shine within these = hearts of=20 yours,
And our inmost being fill!
Where you are not, = we have=20 naught,
Nothing good in deed or thought,
Nothing free = from=20 taint of ill.
Heal our wounds, our strength renew;
On = our=20 dryness pour your dew;
Wash the stains of guilt = away:
Bend the=20 stubborn heart and will;
Melt the frozen, warm the=20 chill;
Guide the steps that go astray.
On the = faithful, who=20 adore
And confess you, evermore
In your sevenfold = gift=20 descend:
Give them virtue=92s sure reward;
Give them = your=20 salvation, Lord;
Give them joys that never end.

Veni, Sancte Spiritus

Veni, Sancte Sp=EDritus,
et em=EDtte = c=E6litus
lucis tu=E6=20 r=E1dium.
Veni, pater p=E1uperum,
veni, dator = m=FAnerum,
veni,=20 lumen c=F3rdium.
Consol=E1tor =F3ptime,
dulcis hospes=20 =E1nim=E6,
dulce refrig=E9rium.
In lab=F3re = r=E9quies,
in =E6stu=20 temp=E9ries,
in fletu sol=E1cium.
O lux = beat=EDssima,
reple=20 cordis =EDntima
tu=F3rum fid=E9lium.
Sine tuo = n=FAmine,
nihil est=20 in h=F3mine
nihil est inn=F3xium.
Lava quod est = s=F3rdidum,
riga=20 quod est =E1ridum,
sana quod est s=E1ucium.
Flecte = quod est=20 r=EDgidum,
fove quod est fr=EDgidum,
rege quod est = d=E9vium.
Da=20 tuis fid=E9libus,
in te confid=E9ntibus,
sacrum = septen=E1rium.
Da=20 virt=FAtis m=E9ritum,
da sal=FAtis =E9xitum,
da = per=E9nne g=E1udium.=20 Amen.

The Anima Christi

Soul of Christ, be my sanctification.
Body of Christ, = be my=20 salvation.
Blood of Christ, fill all my veins.
Water = of=20 Christ=92s side, wash out my stains.
Passion of Christ, = my comfort=20 be.
O good Jesus, listen to me.
In Thy wounds I fain = would=20 hide,
N=92er to be parted from Thy side,
Guard me, = should the=20 foe assail me.
Call me when my life shall fail me.
Bid = me come=20 to Thee above,
With Thy saints to sing Thy love,
World = without=20 end. Amen.

Anima Christi

=C1nima Christi, sanct=EDfica me.
Corpus Christi, = salva=20 me.
Sanguis Christi, in=E9bria me.
Aqua l=E1teris = Christi, lava=20 me.
P=E1ssio Christi, conf=F3rta me.
O bone Iesu, = ex=E1udi=20 me.
Intra tua v=FAlnera absc=F3nde me.
Ne perm=EDttas = me separ=E1ri a=20 te.
Ab hoste mal=EDgno def=E9nde me.
In hora mortis = me=E6 voca=20 me.
Et iube me ven=EDre ad te,
ut cum Sanctis tuis = laudem=20 te
in s=E6cula s=E6cul=F3rum. Amen

The Memorare

Remember, O most gracious Virgin Mary,
that never was = it known=20
that anyone who fled to thy protection,
implored thy = help,=20
or sought thy intercession,
was left unaided. =
Inspired=20 by this confidence
I fly unto thee,
O Virgin of = virgins, my=20 Mother.
To thee do I come,
before thee I stand, =
sinful=20 and sorrowful.
O Mother of the Word = Incarnate,
despise not my=20 petitions,
but in thy mercy hear and answer me. =
Amen.

Memorare

Memor=E1re, o pi=EDssima Virgo Mar=EDa,
non esse = aud=EDtum a s=E6culo,=20
quemquam ad tua curr=E9ntem pr=E6s=EDdia,
tua = implor=E1ntem aux=EDlia,=20
tua pet=E9ntem suffr=E1gia, esse derel=EDctum.
Ego = tali anim=E1tus=20 confid=E9ntia,
ad te, Virgo V=EDrginum, Mater, =
curro, ad te=20 v=E9nio,
coram te gemens pecc=E1tor ass=EDsto.
Noli, = Mater Verbi,=20 verba mea desp=EDcere;
sed =E1udi prop=EDtia et = ex=E1udi. Amen.

The Rosary

The Joyful Mysteries
(recited Monday and=20 Saturday)

The Annunciation
The Visitation
The Nativity
The = Presentation
The Finding in the Temple

The Mysteries of Light
(recited = Thursday)

The Baptism of Jesus
The Wedding Feast of Cana
The=20 Proclamation of the Kingdom, with the call to = Conversion
The=20 Transfiguration
The Institution of the Eucharist

The Sorrowful Mysteries
(recited Tuesday and = Friday)

The Agony in the Garden
The Scourging at the = Pillar
The=20 Crowning with Thorns
The Carrying of the Cross
The=20 Crucifixion

The Glorious Mysteries
(recited Wednesday = and=20 Sunday)

The Resurrection
The Ascension
The Descent of the = Holy=20 Spirit
The Assumption
The Coronation of Mary Queen of = Heaven=20 and Earth

Prayer concluding the Rosary

Hail, Holy Queen, etc. as above

V. Pray for us, O holy Mother of God.
R. That = we may be=20 made worthy of the promises of Christ.

Let us pray.

O God, whose only-begotten Son,
by his life, death = and=20 resurrection,
has purchased for us
the rewards of = eternal=20 life,
grant, we beseech thee,
that meditating on = these=20 mysteries
of the most holy Rosary of the
Blessed = Virgin Mary,=20
we may imitate what they contain
and obtain what = they=20 promise,
through the same Christ our Lord.
Amen.

Rosarium

Myst=E9ria gaudi=F3sa
(in feria secunda et=20 sabbato)

Annunti=E1tio.
Visit=E1tio.
Nat=EDvitas.
Pr=E6sent=E1tio.
= Inv=E9ntio=20 in Templo.

Myst=E9ria lumin=F3sa
(in feria = quinta)

Bapt=EDsma apud Iord=E1nem.
Autorevel=E1tio apud = Canan=E9nse=20 matrim=F3nium.
Regni Dei proclam=E1tio coni=FAncta cum=20 invitam=E9nto
ad = conversi=F3nem.
Transfigur=E1tio.
Euchar=EDsti=E6=20 Instit=FAtio.

Myst=E9ria dolor=F3sa
(in feria tertia et = feria=20 sexta)

Agon=EDa in Hortu.
Flagell=E1tio.
Coron=E1tio=20 Spinis.
Baiul=E1tio Crucis.
Crucif=EDxio et Mors.

Myst=E9ria glori=F3sa
(in feria quarta et=20 Dominica)

Resurr=E9ctio.
Asc=E9nsio.
Desc=E9nsus Sp=EDritus=20 Sancti.
Ass=FAmptio.
Coron=E1tio in C=E6lo.

Oratio ad finem Rosarii dicenda

Ora pro nobis, sancta Dei g=E9netrix.
Ut digni = effici=E1mur=20 promissi=F3nibus Christi.

Or=E9mus.

Deus, cuius Unig=E9nitus per vitam,
mortem et = resurrecti=F3nem=20 suam
nobis sal=FAtis =E6t=E9rn=E6
pr=E6mia = compar=E1vit,
conc=E9de,=20 qu=E6sumus:
ut h=E6c myst=E9ria sacrat=EDssimo =
be=E1t=E6 Mar=ED=E6 V=EDrginis=20
Ros=E1rio recol=E9ntes,
et imit=E9mur quod = c=F3ntinent,
et quod=20 prom=EDttunt assequ=E1mur.
Per Christum D=F3minum = nostrum.=20
Amen.

Coptic Incense Prayer

O King of peace, give us your peace and pardon our sins. = Dismiss=20 the enemies of the Church and protect her so that she never = fail.=20 Emmanuel our God is in our midst in the glory of the Father = and of=20 the Holy Spirit. May he bless us and purify our hearts and = cure the=20 sicknesses of our soul and body. We adore you, O Christ, = with your=20 good Father and the Holy Spirit because you have come and = you have=20 saved us.

Syro-Maronite Farewell to the = Altar

Remain in peace, O Altar of God. May the offering that I = have=20 taken from you be for the remission of my debts and the = pardon of my=20 sins and may it obtain for me that I may stand before the = tribunal=20 of Christ without condemnation and without confusion. I do = not know=20 if I will have the opportunity to return and offer another = sacrifice=20 upon you. Protect me, O Lord, and preserve your holy Church = as the=20 way to truth and salvation. Amen.

Byzantine Prayer for the = Deceased

God of the spirits and of all flesh, who have trampled = death and=20 annihilated the devil and given life to your world, may you=20 yourself, O Lord, grant to the soul of your deceased servant = N. rest=20 in a place of light, a verdant place, a place of freshness, = from=20 where suffering, pain and cries are far removed. Do You, O = good and=20 compassionate God forgive every fault committed by him in = word, work=20 or thought because there is no man who lives and does not = sin. You=20 alone are without sin and your justice is justice throughout = the=20 ages and your word is truth. Since you, O Christ our God, = are the=20 resurrection, the life and the repose of your deceased = servant N.,=20 we give you glory together with your un-begotten Father and = your=20 most holy, good and life-creating Spirit, now and always and = forever=20 and ever.

Act of Faith

O my God, I firmly believe
that you are one God in = three=20 divine Persons,
Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
I = believe that=20 your divine Son became man
and died for our sins and = that he=20 will come
to judge the living and the dead.
I = believe these=20 and all the truths
which the Holy Catholic Church=20 teaches
because you have revealed them
who are = eternal truth=20 and wisdom,
who can neither deceive nor be deceived. =
In this=20 faith I intend to live and die.
Amen.

Actus fidei

D=F3mine Deus,
firma fide credo et conf=EDteor =
=F3mnia et=20 s=EDngula qu=E6
sancta Eccl=E9sia Cath=F3lica = prop=F3nit,
quia tu,=20 Deus, ea =F3mnia revel=E1sti,
qui es =E6t=E9rna = v=E9ritas et sapi=E9ntia=20
qu=E6 nec f=E1llere nec falli potest.
In hac fide = v=EDvere et mori=20 st=E1tuo.
Amen.

Act of Hope

O Lord God,
I hope by your grace for the pardon =
of all my=20 sins
and after life here to gain eternal = happiness
because you=20 have promised it
who are infinitely powerful, faithful, = kind,=20
and merciful.
In this hope I intend to live and die. =
Amen.=20

Actus spei

D=F3mine Deus, spero per gr=E1tiam tuam
remissi=F3nem = =F3mnium=20 peccat=F3rum,
et post hanc vitam =E6t=E9rnam = felicit=E1tem
me esse=20 consecut=FArum:
quia tu promis=EDsti, qui es infin=EDte =
potens,=20 fid=E9lis, ben=EDgnus, et mis=E9ricors.
In hac spe = v=EDvere et mori=20 st=E1tuo.
Amen.

Act of Love

O Lord God, I love you above all things
and I love my = neighbor for your sake
because you are the highest, = infinite and=20 perfect
good, worthy of all my love.
In this love I = intend to=20 live and die.
Amen.=20

Actus caritatis

D=F3mine Deus,
amo te super =F3mnia
et pr=F3ximum = meum propter=20 te,
quia tu es summum, infin=EDtum,
et = perfect=EDssimum bonum,=20
omni dilecti=F3ne dignum.
In hac carit=E1te =
v=EDvere et mori=20 st=E1tuo.
Amen.

Act of Contrition

O my God, I am heartily sorry for having offended Thee, = and I=20 detest all my sins because of thy just punishments, but most = of all=20 because they offend Thee, my God, who art all good and = deserving of=20 all my love. I firmly resolve with the help of Thy grace to = sin no=20 more and to avoid the near occasion of sin. Amen.

Actus contritionis

Deus meus, ex toto corde p=E6nitet me =F3mnium me=F3rum = peccat=F3rum,=20 =E9aque det=E9stor, quia pecc=E1ndo, non solum p=9Cnas a te = iuste stat=FAtas=20 prom=E9ritus sum, sed pr=E6s=E9rtim quia off=E9ndi te, = summum bonum, ac=20 dignum qui super =F3mnia dilig=E1ris. =CDdeo f=EDrmiter = prop=F3no, adiuv=E1nte=20 gr=E1tia tua, de c=E9tero me non peccat=FArum peccand=EDque = occasi=F3nes=20 pr=F3ximas fugit=FArum. Amen.

B) FORMULAS OF CATHOLIC=20 DOCTRINE

The two commandments of love:

1. You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with = all your=20 soul, and with all your mind.
2. You shall love your neighbor = as=20 yourself.

The Golden Rule (Matthew 7:12):

Do to others as you would have them do to you.

The Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12):

Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of=20 heaven.
Blessed are they who mourn, for they will be=20 comforted.
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the=20 earth.
Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for = righteousness, for=20 they will be satisfied.
Blessed are the merciful, for they will = be=20 shown mercy.
Blessed are the pure of heart, for they will see=20 God.
Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called = children of=20 God.
Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness=92 = sake, for=20 theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are you when people = revile you=20 and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely = on my=20 account.
Rejoice and be glad, for your reward will be great in = heaven.

The three theological virtues:

1. Faith
2. Hope
3. Charity

The four cardinal virtues:

1. Prudence
2. Justice
3. Fortitude
4. Temperance

The seven gifts of the Holy Spirit:

1. Wisdom
2. Understanding
3. Counsel
4. = Fortitude
5.=20 Knowledge
6. Piety
7. Fear of the Lord

The twelve fruits of the Holy Spirit:

1. Charity
2. Joy
3. Peace
4. Patience
5. = Kindness
6.=20 Goodness
7. Generosity
8. Gentleness
9. = Faithfulness
10.=20 Modesty
11. Self-control
12. Chastity

The five precepts of the Church:

1. You shall attend Mass on Sundays and on holy days of = obligation and=20 remain free from work or activity that could impede the = sanctification of=20 such days.
2. You shall confess your sins at least once a = year.
3.=20 You shall receive the sacrament of the Eucharist at least during = the=20 Easter season.
4. You shall observe the days of fasting and = abstinence=20 established by the Church.
5. You shall help to provide for the = needs=20 of the Church.

The seven corporal works of mercy:

1. Feed the hungry.
2. Give drink to the thirsty.
3. = Clothe the=20 naked.
4. Shelter the homeless.
5. Visit the sick.
6. = Visit the=20 imprisoned.
7. Bury the dead.

The seven spiritual works of mercy:

1. Counsel the doubtful.
2. Instruct the ignorant.
3. = Admonish=20 sinners.
4. Comfort the afflicted.
5. Forgive = offenses.
6. Bear=20 wrongs patiently.
7. Pray for the living and the dead.

The seven capital sins:

1. Pride
2. Covetousness
3. Lust
4. Anger
5. = Gluttony
6.=20 Envy
7. Sloth

The four last things:

1. Death
2. Judgment
3. Hell
4. Heaven

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